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GANGGGUAN
PERKEMBANGAN BAHASA
Penyaji : dr. Mahyarani Dalimunthe
Pembimbing : Prof. dr. H M Joesoef Simbolon, SpKJ(K)
Moderator : dr. M Surya Husada, MKed.KJ, SpKJ
Hari/Tanggal : Selasa/ 28 November 2017
Pendahuluan
Faktor Risiko
Natal
Asfiksia neonatorum, Perinatal
hiperbilirubinemia berat, bayi berat
Anak dengan riwayat kejang
badan lahir rendah dan mengalami
infeksi selama periode neonatal
Gejala klinis
B. The difficulties with expressive language interfere with academic or occupational achievement or with social
communication.
C. Criteria are not met for Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder or a Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
D. If Mental Retardation, a speech-motor or sensory deficit, or environmental deprivation is present, the language
difficulties are in excess of those usually associated with these problems.
Coding note: If a speech-motor or sensory deficit or a neurological condition is present, code the condition on Axis III.
DSM-IV Diagnostic criteria for communication disorder
Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder
A.The scores obtained from a battery of standardized individually administered measures of both receptive and
expressive language development are substantially below those obtained from standardized measures of nonverbal
intellectual capacity. Symptoms include those for Expressive Language Disorder as well as difficulty understanding
words, sentences, or specific types of words, such as spatial terms.
B.The difficulties with receptive and expressive language significantly interfere with academic or occupational
achievement or with social communication.
D.If Mental Retardation, a speech-motor or sensory deficit, or environmental deprivation is present, the language
difficulties are in excess of those usually associated with these problems.
Coding note: If a speech-motor or sensory deficit or a neurological condition is present, code the condition on Axis III.
DSM-IV Diagnostic criteria for communication disorder
Phonological Disorder
A. Failure to use developmentally expected speech sounds that are appropriate for age and dialect (e.g., errors in sound
production, use, representation, or organization such as, but not limited to, substitutions of one sound for another
[use of /t/ for target /k/ sound] or omissions of sounds such as final consonants).
B. The difficulties in speech sound production interfere with academic or occupational achievement or with social
communication.
C. If Mental Retardation, a speech-motor or sensory deficit, or environmental deprivation is present, the speech
difficulties are in excess of those usually associated with these problems.
Coding note: If a speech-motor or sensory deficit or a neurological condition is present, code the condition on Axis III.
DSM-IV Diagnostic criteria for communication disorder
Stuttering
A. Disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech (inappropriate for the individual's age),
characterized by frequent occurrences of one or more of the following:
(3) interjections
B. The disturbance in fluency interferes with academic or occupational achievement or with social communication.
C. If a speech-motor or sensory deficit is present, the speech difficulties are in excess of those usually associated with
these problems.
Coding note: If a speech-motor or sensory deficit or a neurological condition is present, code the condition on Axis III.
DSM-IV Diagnostic criteria for communication disorder
Communication Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
This category is for disorders in communication that do not meet criteria for any specific Communication Disorder; for
example, a voice disorder (i.e., an abnormality of vocal pitch, loudness, quality, tone, or resonance).
Terapi
Terapi bicara
Gangguan berat penggunaan simbol dalam bahasa,
penggunaan gambar (Picture Exchange Communication
System-PECS) dan sistem komputerisasi.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
menganjurkan sekolah menyediakan pendidikan khusus untuk
anak yang mengalami gangguan belajar termasuk anak-anak
dengan gangguan perkembangan bahasa. Pelayanan ini
disediakan untuk anak-anak dari lahir hingga usia 21 tahun.
Prognosis
1. Identitas pasien:
DMHP, laki-laki, usia 9 tahun 11 bulan, anak tunggal, suku Batak,
agama Kristen Protestan, bersekolah di SLB, BB: 35 kg, TB: 129
cm. Alamat: Jalan Limau Manis Tanjung Morawa, Taman Anugerah
Permai Medan. Datang dibawa orang tuanya ke Bagian Poliklinik
psikiatri RSHAM Medan, tanggal 03 Juli 2017 yang dikonsulkan
oleh bagian Poliklinik Pediatri Sosial dan Tumbuh Kembang anak
RSHAM.
Alloanamnesis: Ibu penderita TS, usia 46 tahun, pekerjaan ibu
rumah tangga, pendidikan SLTA, akrab dengan penderita, kesan
dapat dipercaya.
A. ANAMNESIS PSIKIATRIK
2. Keluhan utama:
Belum bisa berbicara
3. Riwayat perjalanan penyakit sekarang:
Hal ini dialami pasien sejak bayi.
Saat ini pasien sudah bisa menyebut mama, papa sejak usia 2 tahun
tetapi tidak sempurna. Pasien mengerti apa yang diperintahkan oleh
mama dan papa-nya, namun dia tidak bisa menyebut atau menjawab
dengan kata-kata.
Menurut pengakuan ibu pasien, pasien kalau dipanggil menoleh namun
konsentrasinya mudah terpecah.
Pasien juga sangat hiperaktif, tidak bisa diam, hal ini dialami pasien
sejak pasien berusia 3 tahun saat pasien bisa berjalan.
Saat ini pasien tinggal dengan orang tua angkat yang mengadopsi
pasien saat pasien berusia 1 hari.
A. ANAMNESIS PSIKIATRIK
4. Sensorium
Alertness : kompos mentis
Orientasi Waktu : sulit dinilai
Orientasi Tempat : sulit dinilai
Orientasi Personal : baik
Konsentrasi dan Kalkulasi: buruk
Memori : sulit dinilai
B. PEMERIKSAAN STATUS MENTAL
PEMERIKSAAN PSIKIATRIK
5. Mekanisme coping : tidak ada
6. Judgment sosial : baik
Judgment personal : baik
7. Proses berpikir dan verbalisasi
Sulit dinilai, pasien sering menunjuk atau menuju langsung kepada
sesuatu yang dia mau. Verbalisasi tidak jelas.
8. Fantasi : sulit dinilai
9. Super ego : sulit dinilai
10. Konsep diri : sulit dinilai
11. Perkiraan IQ : kurang
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
Status generalisata : sensorium GCS 15 (E4V5M6), suhu: 37,10C BB: 35 kg,
TB: 129 cm. Anemis (-), sesak napas (-), biru (-), edema (-), kuning (-)
Status lokalisata
Kepala : simetris, Lingkar kepala: 49 cm (<2SD)
Lainnya : normal
PEMERIKSAAN NEUROLOGI
Sensorium : GCS 15 (E4V5M6)
Nervus kraniales I-XII : normal
Sistem motorik : a. tonus otot : normotonus
b. otot : eutrofi
c. kekuatan otot : normal
Refleks biceps/triceps normal, APR/KPR : normal. Refleks patologis : negatif
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG