Sumber : Materi Kuliah Seismologi Teknik (Geofisika VI 2015-2016)

Oleh : Dr. Muzli

Bahaya, Risiko & Bencana
Fenomena
Alam Ocean Crossing
Bahaya

Risiko

Bencana
Apa Usaha Kita ?
Bencana

Bahaya Kerentanan/Risiko

4
 Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability x Exposure

Seismic Risk is expressed in terms of economic costs, loss of lives

or environmental damage per unit of time.

Vulnerability is the degree of damage caused by various levels of

loading. The vulnerability may be calculated in a probabilistic or
deterministic way for a single structure or groups of structures.

Exposure is the number of people, buildings, structures that are

exposed to the hazard. This is called an inventory.
 Scientist (Seismologist, Geophysicist, Geologist,
etc) define the seismic hazard
Engineers (civil eng, architect, etc) reduce the
risk by decreasing the vulnerability of
structures to ground motion.

It is the job of the geophysicists to provide hazard

assessments (not risk assessments)
Gempabumi Tanah Bangunan
 PGA (peak ground acceleration)
PGV (peak ground velocity)
Response spectral acceleration
(elastic, inelastic) at periods of
engineering interest
Intensity (Can be related to PGA and
PGV.)
 easy to measure because the response of most instruments is
proportional to ground acceleration
liked by many engineers because it can be related to the force
on a short-period building
and it is controlled by the high frequency content in the
ground motion (i.e., it is not associated with a narrow range of
frequencies); records can show isolated short-duration, high-
amplitude spikes with little engineering significance
 Many think it is better correlated with damage
than other measures
It is sensitive to longer periods than PGA
(making it potentially more predictable using
deterministic models)
BUT it requires digital processing (no longer an
important issue)
 Source effects
Magnitude or moment
Sensor
Rupture directivity
25 km
Path effects
Attenuation with distance:
geometric, scattering, and
anelastic
Critical reflections off Moho
Discontinuity
Site effects
Local amplification
14
Hypocenter
Ground motion generally decreases
with increasing epicentral distance
 Seismic waves lose
amplitude with distance
traveled - attenuation

So the amplitude of the waves

depends on distance from the
earthquake. Therefore unlike
magnitude, intensity is not a
single number.
 Ground shaking is amplified at soft soil (low
velocity) sites
Shear-wave velocity is commonly used to predict
amplification
VS30 ( time it takes for a shear wave to travel from a
30 m depth to the land surface, i.e., time-averaged
30-m velocity)
Ground Motion Deconvolution

(Steidl)
 Kondisi Tanah
dan Topografi
di Mexico City
(Endapan (Alluvial)

Danau)
(Soft clay & silt)

(Basalt, volcanic
tuff)

Mexico City

2121
PGA, PGV, PGD, and intensity:
Increases with magnitude.

Enhanced in direction of rupture propagation

(directivity).
Generally decreases with epicentral distance.

Low-velocity soil site gives much higher ground

motion than rock site. Vs30 is a good predictor of site
response.
 1 m/s2 = 100 cm/s2
= 100 gal
= 100000 miligal

1 g = 9.80665 m/s2
= 980.665 gal