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Training Guide
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We show it a path to what it wants, and tell it if you walk through this path,
you'll get what you want.
We rarely give it what it wants(if we DID, our STUFF would turn off!
Just as the elephant walks to get the peanut.
Electricity goes through anything to get to ground
The 120 volts wants to go back to being 0 volts - it doesnt like being 120 volts.
The electrons wish to flow back to the 120 volts, but in order to do so, they must go through the lightbulb!
The lightbulb turns on as electrons flow through it.
QUICK QUESTION? HOW MANY VOLTS ARE AT EACH POINT IN THIS CIRCUIT? Answered at next page.
If 120v is applied to the lightbulb but there is no
path to ground, it wont light.
Just as the elephant has no motivation to get up off his ass without the peanut being dangled, a voltage wont cause
electrons to flow without a complete circuit. Just because we apply 120v to the light bulb does not mean it will turn on if we
do not complete the circuit by adding a ground on the other end.
How do we measure this?
Voltage think of this like a person's strength.
Current- think of this like stuff actually moved using one's
strength.
Resistance think of this like the weight of what we are moving.
A one thousand pound bag is more difficult to move than a ten
pound bag.
Ohm's law helps you figure this out.
Use an ohm's law calculator online.
Or an app on your phone.
Your 4th grade teacher told you you won't be carrying around a
calculator everywhere for the rest of your life
They LIED!!!
How does this work?
POWER is equal to voltage times current. 2 volts at 10 amps =
20 watts.
Current sent through a circuit is equal to voltage divided by
resistance.
Resistance in a circuit is equal to voltage divided by amperage.
This is called OHM'S LAW.
. TO KEEP IT SIMPLE:
Until one day, water is spilled, and a cap explodes. C7544 is now sending all the voltage to ground!
Measure each cap, right?
Many will turn their multimeter to capacitance or resistance mode and measure each cap.
This WILL NOT WORK!!! Can you guess why?
C7544 is the bad capacitor. Lets assume C7543, C7542, C7541, and C7570 are working and in perfect condition.
We take the multimeter and place black probe on pin 1 of C7543 and red probe on pin 2 of C7543.
The meter says 0 ohms of resistance. Why? C7544 is the culprit, not C7543. What is going on here?
The meter measures resistance by sending out a voltage and measuring what comes back on the other end.
Since all of these capacitors are on the same line, you will get the same measurement reading any cap.
C7544 is providing the line a path to ground.
Since C7543, C7542, C7541, C7570 all share a line with the bad C7544, they will all measure the same if they are
still soldered onto the board.
WHAT NOW???
Go back to the light bulb example: do brighter
bulbs make more heat?
The lower the resistance in a circuit, the more power it will use.
More power usage = more heat.
More heat = hotter.
If the capacitor passing lots of energy is hotter, we might now have a method to figure out WHICH is the bad one!
MOSFETs have three tabs source, drain, and gate. Power flows
from source to drain dependent on the voltage at the gate.
99.9% of the time, we are looking at MOSFETs, not other type of
transistors in laptop & cellphone circuitry.
Types of transistors we care about
P channel MOSFET lets power through when voltage on gate is
LOWER than source.
N channel MOSFET lets power through when voltage on gate is
HIGHER or equal to source.
What voltage is present on the drain when 12v is on the source and the gate
of this MOSFET?
0 volts! A P type mosfet opens when voltage on the gate is lower than what is
present on the source. Schematic claims 4.5v, but there is always 5v there in
the real world(SCHEMATIC IS NOT ALWAYS RIGHT)
HINT!!!! Ground = zero volts!!
It lets power through! N channel MOSFETs let power through when the gate
voltage is higher than the source. Ground is 0 volts. If there is 3 volts on the
gate then it will open. This will then send whatever is on the drain to ground,
which will cause 0v to be on the drain.
Reminder; what is a voltage divider?
What if we used a transistor to control the
voltage divider's path to ground?
thang, I'll give you 1280x800. And I see you're not shorted to
ground, so even better.
Picture comes on.
DDC is the means to get the EDID block from the LCD.
DDC also controls Brightness. This is all done on the i2c bus.
Make sure you check that you have an image.
Use light from microscope ring around LCD. Do you see ink-like
substance move around? That is LCD being activated
On newer Retina LCDs it is almost impossible to see this, just
shine bright light on back of LCD and wait for Apple logo or
questionmark folder to appear.
Sometimes LCD is detected but not powered on. Then you have
an issue with LCD power circuitry.
Is the computer's brain even turning on?
People often say no image when the proper issue is no brain.
If the laptop turns on and there is no chime noise.
If there is no chime noise and you do not measure CPU vcore, or
MCP vcore, or power going to RAM, then the issue is not no
image - it is NO BRAIN!!!
Troubleshoot no brain accordingly.
If all voltage rails are present and it doesn't do
anything...
Bad SPI ROM chip.
Corrupt SPI ROM.
Corroded vias/traces to SPI ROM chip.
SPI ROM chip talks to MCP or PCH to get everything working.
Bad CPU, or bad GPU, or bad PCH this will not be fun.
If CPU or MCP voltage rails are missing...
FIX THEM!!!!!
Common issue as always is voltage controller IC is NOT BEING
TOLD WHAT TO DO!!
Check around CPU vcore area.
I fixed it and they say it runs slow.
Running slow is often due to a sensor issue.
Not slow as in slow hard drive, I mean slow as in the mouse
stutters as it moves across the screen with no activity.
The SMC likes to sense voltage levels, current usage, and
temperatures from various different parts of the machine.
If it receives information that is out of whack, it will turn the
machine off, or make it run very slow as a means to protect itself
from damage.
Run ASD to tell you what sensor is failing.
You will have to venture forth onto the internet to find ASD.
There are different ASD for every model machine from every
year.
ASD will tell you what sensor is failing, and then it is your job to
check the schematic and see what's going on.
PBUS voltage sense, VP0R example.
This is a common sensor to fail. We look at various modes of
failure.
Reading above or below high point can be caused by voltage
divider failure.
Not reading anything can be caused by fucked SMC, fucked
trace/via to the SMC, or sensor not being told to turn on.
Types of sensor failures.
Sometimes the sensor is not turning on.
Sometimes the sensor is outputting improper data to the SMC
because resistors in the line have gone bad.
Sometimes the SMC itself is fucked.
Sometimes the data line on which the sensor is communicating
is being brought down by something dirt in a webcam
connector, a bad webcam, a bad chip. Check if the line is
topping out at the max spec'd voltage of that data line.
i2c
i2c is one of the primary interchip communication busses
Both lines will have a pullup resistor to a power rail - If the pullup is open, short, or out of spec
i2c will not work properly
Its purpose is to provide communication/instruction to an IC. That is to say, even with power,
ground, and enable, many ICs need programming over i2c to function.
The entire i2c bus can monitored and communicated with via inexpensive external tools with a
connection to SDA, SCL, and GND
Basic functionality can be determined with DMM and Oscope. You won't know what the bits mean but you
will know they are there.
How Apple plays dirty with LCDs
Unlike any other manufacturer, Apple includes a special validation/genuine string in the LCD
EDID Block.
Before any power or data is sent to the LCD this must be validated via the DDC handshake.
In the event of liquid damage where your EDID data may get corrupted, an otherwise functional
LCD will not turn on when this validation fails.
EDID data can be read, verified, and reprogrammed with inexpensive tools (Bus Pirate, or
literally any other i2c programmer). It is a simple 2 wire i2c EEPROM
If backlight voltage gets sent to your EDID IC you can pretty much guarantee it will be corrupted.
Valid data can be pulled from the same model Macbook and programmed to the damaged lcd
without issue.