Tourism

is the short-term circular

migration of people to places
outside their normal place of
work or residence for the
purpose of leisure or for work.
Travel and Tourism (T&T)
- the worlds largest industry

Share of world: % of Total

(2000)
GDP 11.0

Employment 8.0

Exports 7.9

Capital Investment 9.4

A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth

but tourism wealth is not evenly
distributed
Travel and Tourism (T&T)
- the worlds largest industry

Share of world: % of Total

(2000)
GDP 11.0

Employment 8.0

Exports 7.9

Capital Investment 9.4

A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth

International Tourist Arrivals 2000

403.3
Millions

129.0
111.9

27.6 20.6 6.4

Africa Americas EAP Europe Middle South Asia
East
Share of World Total International Tourist
Arrivals 2000

South Asia M iddle East

1% 3%
Slice 7
Africa 0%
4%

Americas
18%
Europe
58%

EAP
16%

Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

Average Receipts Per Arrival 2000

1200

1000

800
US $

600

400

200

0
World Africa Americas EAP Europe Middle East South Asia

Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

Share of World Total International Tourist
Receipts 2000

South Asia M iddle East

1% 2%
Slice 7
Africa
0%
2%

Europe
49%
Americas
29%

EAP
17%

Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

International Tourist Arrivals

New Growth Growth

Year India
Zealand Rate Rate

1999 1607 8.2% 2482 5.2%

2000 1787 11.2% 2641 6.4%

International Tourist Receipts

US$ MLN

New Growth Growth

Year India
Zealand Rate Rate

1999 2083 20.7% 3009 2.1%

2000 2068 -0.7% 3296 9.6%

 The period of mass tourism
(1950 to the present)

MEDCs LEDCs

World Travel & Tourism
- The Future
 MEDCs

The top destinations are France,

Spain, the United States and Italy.

The loss of tourism income to LEDCs

have made MEDCs actively promote
domestic tourism to their residents.
Phenomenal Explosion of Domestic Tourism

Year Domestic

1990 63,817,285

1998 168,196,000

1999 176,082,442

2000 210,082,442
Average Length of Stay in the Country

Country Days
India 31.2
Canada 5.22
Brazil 13.00
France 7.31
Hong Kong/China 3.38
Japan 8.80
Malaysia 5.50
Singapore(1997) 2.60
Spain 12.9
Thailand 8.4
The World Tourism Organisation
(WTO) estimated there were nearly
900 million international tourist
arrivals in 2007 from 846 million in
2006, an increase of about 6 per cent.
This represents nearly 52 million more
arrivals than in 2006 and they are expected
to reach 1.6 billion by 2020.

The international tourism receipts totalled

US $ 733 billion in 2006.
 Most visited countries

The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most
visited in 2007 by number of international travelers. When compared to 2006, Ukraine
entered the top ten list, surpassing Russia, Austria and Mexico. Most of the top
visited countries continue to be on the European continent.
 International tourism receipts

The World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as

the top ten tourism earners for the year 2007. It is noticeable that most
of them are on the European continent, but the United States continues
to be the top earner.
International tourism top
spenders

The World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as the top ten biggest spenders on
international tourism for the year 2007. For the fifth year in a row, German tourists continue as the top spenders.
A study by Dresdner Bank study[9] forecasts that for 2008 Germans and Europeans in general will continue to be
the top spenders because of the strength of the Euro against the United States dollar, with strong demand for the
US in favor of other destinations.
 Most visited attractions

It is noticeable that 4 out of the top 5 are in the North

America continent.
Most visited cities
 Travel

Before: luxury for the privileged few.

Now: for the masses

LEDCs with well-developed tourism
industries:

Brazil
China
Egypt
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Mexico
Morocco
Thailand
Tunisia
The rapid growth since 1950 is due to:

increased mobility
greater affluence
advertising
greater media coverage
mass tourism by TNCs
improvements in facilities and
infrastructure
reduction in cost of travel
 There have been a few setbacks in tourism,
such as the September 11 attacks and
terrorist threats to tourist destinations such as
Bali and European cities. On December 26,
2004 a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian
Ocean earthquake hit Asian countries
bordering the Indian Ocean, and also the
Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost, and
many tourists died. This has stopped or
severely hampered tourism to the area.
Tourism can be classified according to
the purpose of the travel
and the way in which it is organised

group tours (like packaged tours)

individual travel
Tourism destinations can be classified
in many ways
 TOURISM IN LEDCs

Before 1970s: explorers, traders,

colonisers, missionaries, scientists
and administrators.

After 1970s: transport improvements

+ LEDC governments wanted to raise
income from tourism.
 +

A smoke-less industry.

A more reliable earner.

An opportunity to raise money to

preserve national culture, wildlife
and unique natural features.


It creates problems if the LEDCs have

diverted their attention away from food
production and farming.
Dependence on MEDCs.
Leakage back to TNC headquarters.
Few benefits to local people.
Wealthy golden ghettos.
Further aggravated if substantial
government investment is made in
golden ghettos.
 The size of tourism as a global
industry doubles every 15 years.
There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the
last few decades, especially in Europe where international
travel for short breaks is common.

Tourists have higher levels of disposable income and

greater leisure time and they are also better-educated
and have more sophisticated tastes.

There is now a demand for a better quality products,

which has resulted in a fragmenting of the mass market
for beach vacations; people want more specialised
versions, such as Club 18-30, quieter resorts, family-
oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted destination
hotels.
The developments in technology and transport
infrastructure, such as jumbo jets and low-cost
airlines, and more accessible airports have made
many types of tourism more affordable. There have
also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age
people who sustain year round tourism. This is
facilitated by internet sales of tourism products.
Some sites have now started to offer dynamic
packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for
a tailor-made package requested by the customer
upon impulse.
 Domestic tourism (people going on
holiday in their own country) is
generally thought to be 4-5 times
greater than international arrivals.