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Diffusion refers to the net flux of atoms, ions, or molecules and depends on the concentration gradient and temperature. Diffusion has many applications including surface hardening of steels through carbon diffusion, doping semiconductors, creating conductive ceramics, limiting gas diffusion in plastic bottles, and forming protective oxide layers. Diffusion also allows for thermal barrier coatings on turbine blades and coatings to prevent water penetration of optics and microelectronics. Atoms diffuse through mechanisms like vacancy diffusion, interstitial diffusion, and interdiffusion between unlike materials. Diffusion requires thermal energy to overcome the activation energy needed for atomic jumps.
Diffusion refers to the net flux of atoms, ions, or molecules and depends on the concentration gradient and temperature. Diffusion has many applications including surface hardening of steels through carbon diffusion, doping semiconductors, creating conductive ceramics, limiting gas diffusion in plastic bottles, and forming protective oxide layers. Diffusion also allows for thermal barrier coatings on turbine blades and coatings to prevent water penetration of optics and microelectronics. Atoms diffuse through mechanisms like vacancy diffusion, interstitial diffusion, and interdiffusion between unlike materials. Diffusion requires thermal energy to overcome the activation energy needed for atomic jumps.
Diffusion refers to the net flux of atoms, ions, or molecules and depends on the concentration gradient and temperature. Diffusion has many applications including surface hardening of steels through carbon diffusion, doping semiconductors, creating conductive ceramics, limiting gas diffusion in plastic bottles, and forming protective oxide layers. Diffusion also allows for thermal barrier coatings on turbine blades and coatings to prevent water penetration of optics and microelectronics. Atoms diffuse through mechanisms like vacancy diffusion, interstitial diffusion, and interdiffusion between unlike materials. Diffusion requires thermal energy to overcome the activation energy needed for atomic jumps.
such as ions, atoms, electrons, holes, and molecules.
The magnitude of the flux depends upon the
concentration gradient and temperature. C A R BU R I Z AT I O N F O R S U R FAC E HARDENING OF STEELS
Increase surface hardness
Carbon/Graphite is diffused into components
Nitriding use of nitrogen instead of carbon
DOPANT DIFFUSION FOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
P-type trivalent elements
e.g. Boron, Aluminum, Indium, Gallium
N-type pentavalent elements
e.g. Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth CONDUCTIVE CERAMICS
Ceramics are good insulators but with diffusion
of ions, electrons, or holes may serve as conductive material for batteries.
Also called electroceramics
CREATION OF PLASTIC BEVERAGE BOTTLES
Limiting diffusion of Carbon dioxide from soda
Use of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
OXIDATION OF ALUMINUM
In reality, aluminum oxidizes more easily than iron
however, aluminum oxide (Al2O3) forms a very protective but thin coating on the aluminums surface preventing further diffusion of oxygen and hindering further oxidation of the underlying aluminum. COATINGS AND THIN FILMS
Often used to limit diffusion of water
THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS (TBC) FOR TURBINE BLADES
Aircraft engine some of the nickel superalloy-
based turbine blades are coated with ceramic oxides.
Increases longevity of materials(lifetime and
durability) OPTICAL FIBERS AND M I C RO E L E C T RO N I C C O M P O N E N T S
Optical fibers made from silica (SiO2) are coated
with polymeric materials to prevent diffusion of water molecules. This, in turn, improves the optical and mechanical properties of the fibers. MECHANISMS FOR DIFFUSION
In materials containing vacancies, atoms move or
jump from one lattice position to another. This process, known as self-diffusion, can be detected by using radioactive tracers. INTERDIFFUSION
Diffusion of unlike atoms in materials also occur. Consider
a nickel sheet bonded to a copper sheet. At high temperatures, nickel atoms gradually diffuse into the copper, and copper atoms migrate into the nickel. Again, the nickel and copper atoms eventually are uniformly distributed. Diffusion of different atoms in different directions is known as interdiffusion. Vacancy Diffusion - In self-diffusion and diffusion involving substitutional atoms, an atom leaves its lattice site to fill a nearby vacancy (thus creating a new vacancy at the original lattice site)
Interstitial Diffusion - When a small interstitial
atom or ion is present in the crystal structure, the atom or ion moves from one interstitial site to another. ACTIVATION ENERGY FOR DIFFUSION
Festkörper Probleme: Plenary Lectures of the Divisions Semiconductor Physics, Surface Physics, Low Temperature Physics, High Polymers, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, of the German Physical Society, Münster, March 19–24, 1973