Engineering materials

Metal / Metallic materials

Generally classified as ferrous and
nonferrous
Ferrous materials consist of steel and cast
iron
Eg. Carbon steel, high alloy steel,
stainless steel
Nonferrous materials consist of the rest
of the metals and alloys
Eg. Aluminum, magnesium, titanium &
their alloys
Materials from each group are further
classified and given certain designation
according to the ASTM standard
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Each has their own unique number/code
that represent main alloying elements,
cast or wrought and in case of plain
carbon amount of Carbon.
Steel can be classified or grouped
according to some common
characteristic.
The most common classification is by
their
i. Composition
Example : 10xx, 15xx
ii. Strength
Most common material used in
construction of structure such as
bridge, building and ships
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Low yield strength, less < 40 ksi
Eg : A36 Carbon steel plates,
bars and shapes
High strength, between 40 ksi and
120 ksi
Eg. A440- Carbon steel plates,
bars and shapes of high tensile
strength
Ultra-high strength > 200 ksi
iii. Product shape, finish processing and
quality descriptors
Typical product classification of flat hot-
rolled carbon & low alloy steel
According to the thickness and width
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For shape product forms

eg. I beam and special shapes (
designed for specific application ),
bar ( also included round, squares,
hexagon in cross section )
Finishing process
The last processing that the steel
undergone.
The mot common are hot-rolled,
coldrolled or cold finished,
annealed, normalized, quenched and
tempered, coating process.
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Design and selection for metals
One of the major issues for structural
components is deflection under service load.
A function of the applied forces and
geometry, and also stiffness of material.
So suitable material and design are
needed.
Load carrying capacity of component can be
related to the yield strength, fatigue
strength or creep strength depending on
loading & service condition.
All are structure sensitive.
Changed, chemical composition of the
alloy, method and condition of
manufacturing, as well as heat treatment
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Electrical & thermal conductivities
Thermal conductivity, K
Is measure of the rate at which heat is
transferred through a material
Q T
k
A x
Manufacture of component where electrical
conductivity is primary requirement
Al & Co
Corrosion resistance & specific gravity limits
the materials.
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Manufacturing consideration
Wrought material /structure usually stronger
and more ductile than cast.
Precision / size tolerances, surface finish,
heat treatment stress relief etc., other
secondary treatment & finishing.
Weldability a function of material
composition. So structure involve welding of
the components need to consider. Also for
other joining means.
Machinability improvement by heat
treatment or alloying elements.
Economic aspects - perform function at
lowest cost.