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Partial conversion of heat to into work is the basis for nearly all
commercial production of power.
Heat Engine
W Qin Qout QH QC
W QH QC QC
1
QH QH QH
Step 4: The system maintains contact with the reservoir at TC, and undergoes
reversible isothermal process in the opposite direction of the step 2 that returns
it to its initial state with heat rejection of QC to the cold reservoir
Carnot Engine - Reversibility
Step1: a - b
Reversible adiabatic compression until the
temperature rise from TC to TH
Step 2: b c
Reversible isothermal expansion to arbitrary
point c with heat absorption of QH
Step 3: c d
Reversible adiabatic expansion until the
temperature decrease TC.
Step 4: d a
Reversible isothermal compression to the initial state with heat rejection of QC
Entropy
Q H TH Q H QC
Our analysis showed that or 0
Q C TC TH TC
The equation suggests the existence of a property whose changes are given
by the quantities Q/T
When the isotermal steps are infinitesimal, the heat quantities become dQ:
dQ H dQ C dQ rev
0 or 0
TH TC T
Thus the quantities dQrev/T sum to zero for the arbitrary cycle, exhibiting the
characteristic of a property. We call this property as entropy, S.
dQ rev
dS dQrev T dS
T
There exists a property called entropy S, which is an intrinsic property of a
system, functionally related to the measurable coordinates which
characterize the system
Characteristic of Entropy
W Qin Qout QH QC
W QH QC QC
1
QH QH QH
Stotal 0
This mathematical statement of the second law affirms
that every process proceeds in such a direction that
the total entropy change associated with it is
positive.
The limiting value of zero being attained only by a
reversible process.
No process is possible for which the total entropy
decreases.
Thermodynamic Efficiency