Power Generation

through
WINDMILL
Contents
How is wind created..?
Working Principle
Site Selection
Overview
Advantages
Disadvantages
Wind Power in India
Applications
How is wind created.?

Variation of temperature (sun)

Uneven heating of the Earths

atmosphere and surface

Balance between warm and

cool air is constantly changing,
creating wind
 Working Principle
The generators are connected to battery charging circuits and finally to
large utility grids

the wind passes through the airfoil section of the blades and the lift
produced generates a torque which is then transformed to electricity in
the generator

It is basically the conversion of the wind energy into the mechanical

energy of the turbine and then finally to electricity
 Main Parts of a WINDMILL
The rotors consisting of the blades and the hub.
The drive train and gears along with the
mechanical brakes. The brakes are used in the
maintenance work and when a storm is coming.
The generator which generates electricity.
The yaw system which rotates the housing
toward the direction of the wind.
Tower and foundation.
Battery and the electrical system to transmit to
the grid.
Site selection for Wind Power Plant
Most important decision throughout your installation
Wind turbine-performance and efficiency
Highly exposed sites
Not suitable sites in highly populated residential areas
Avoid roof mounted turbines
Power transmission loss
Distance between the turbine and nearest obstacle
Connection with national power grid
OVERVIEW
 WIND TURBINE
Converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power.
Aerodynamic modeling:
optimum tower height,
control systems,
number of blades and
blade shape.
A quantitative measure of the wind power available at any location is
called Wind Power Density(WPD).
Wind turbines are generally classified depending on their axis of rotation
as:
Horizontal axis type
Vertical axis type.
 TYPES OF WIND TURBINE
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
 VARIABLE SPEED WIND
ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
In variable speed systems, the turbines rotor absorbs the mechanical power
fluctuations by changing its speed.

So the output power curve is smoother which greatly enhances the quality of power.

However ,since variable speed operation produces a variable frequency voltage,

a power electronic converter must be used to connect to the constant frequency grid.

It can be achieved by using:

WECS with Squirrel cage induction generator.

WECS with Wound rotor induction generator.

WECS with Doubly-fed induction generator.

 WECS with Squirrel cage induction generator

Stator of the squirrel cage induction generator will be connected to the grid by the
means of back to back connected power electronic converter bridges.
Since the power converter has to convert all the stator power, the converter size
depends on the stator power rating.

ADVANTAGE:
Ability to make the best use of available wind power.
It eliminates the need for a capacitor bank.

DISADVANTAGE:
Cost of power converter is high.
 WECS with Wound rotor induction generator

The power converter size in the earlier system can be

reduced by using it on the rotor side of a wound rotor
induction generator.
The power converter is now connected between the rotor
and grid , so it needs to carry only the slip power.

ADVANTAGES:
For utility scale wind power generation it outweighs
squirrel cage machine.
 WECS with DFIG

Double-fed induction machines can be operated as a generator as

well as a motor in both sub-synchronous and super-synchronous
speeds, thus giving four possible operating modes.
Only the two generating modes at sub-synchronous and super-
synchronous speeds are of interest for wind power generation.
 BACK TO BACK CONNECTED POWER CONVERTER BRIDGES

Two power converter bridges connected back-to-back by means of a dc link can

accommodate the bidirectional rotor power flow in a DFIG.
The purpose of the grid side converter is to maintain the dc link voltage constant.
It has control over the active and reactive power transfer between the rotor and the grid.
The rotor side converter is responsible for control of the flux, and thus, the stators active
and reactive powers .

ADVANTAGES:
Less cost of AC-AC converter.
Improved system efficiency.
Pitch Control
Setting wind turbine blades at the best angle to the wind to turn the rotor

Yaw Control
Yaw is the angle of rotation of the nacelle around its vertical axis.
Efficient yaw control is essential to ensure that wind turbines always face directly into the
wind.

Nacelle
Houses all of the generating components in a wind turbine
generator, gearbox, drive train, and brake assembly.

Gear Box
Mechanical method of transferring energy from one device to another and is used to increase
torque while reducing speed.
Turbine moves at a slow rate of rotation with a great deal of torque.
The transmission translates this power into the faster but lower torque rotational speed of the
electricity generator
 Blade materials

wide availability and easy processing to reduce cost and

maintenance
low weight or density to reduce gravitational forces
high strength to withstand strong loading of wind and
gravitational force of the blade itself
high fatigue resistance to withstand cyclic loading
high stiffness to ensure stability of the optimal shape and
orientation of the blade and clearance with the tower
high fracture toughness
the ability to withstand environmental impacts such as
lightning strikes, humidity, and temperature
 Simulink Model For Wind turbine
Wind turbine extracts portion of wind turbine
and converts it into mechanical Power.
It has three inputs
Generator Speed
The Blade Pitch Angle
Wind speed.
One Output
Torque
 Advantages

Energy for free of cost

Produces electricity throughout the day
Pollution free and clean
Vast wind energy is available
Can supply the power to remote areas
Economically competitive
Mechanical power for grading , pumping etc.
 Disadvantages
Low energy density
irregular, unsteady wind energy
Variable speed
Variable wind direction
Higher capital cost
Can be located only in vast open areas
Far location from load centers
Complex designs
 Wind power in India

Development of wind power in

India began in the 1990s
India has the fifth largest installed wind
power capacity in the world.
As of 30 June 2015 the installed
capacity of wind power in India was
23,763 MW
Spread across South, West and North
regions.
East and North east regions have no
grid connected wind power plant
 Sizes and applications
Small(<10kW) Intermediate(10-
Homes 250kW)
Farms Village power
Remote Hybrid systems
applications Distributed power

Large(600kW-2+MW)
Central station wind farms
Distributed power
Community wind
 Conclusion
Obviously, the entire world needs energy and the
energy demand is constantly growing. Non
renewable energy looks to be slowly but surely
losing its dominance, and some innovative ideas
in technology have really helped boosting some
renewable energy sources it he last five years or
so, most notably solar and wind energy. By using
wind energy instead of conventional one based
on fossil fuels, you will be able to not only
decrease your electricity bills but you'll also help
our planet recover from pollution and climate
change problem.