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Oxygen metabolism
What are free
radicals?
Any molecule containing
one or more unpaired
electrons.
Superoxide (O2 -)
.
1. Cellular metabolism
- O2 2H2O
4e-+4H+
- leakage of O2-. (superoxide)
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
Generation of Free Radical
2. Environmental effects:
a) due to drug metabolism.
b) due to damages caused by UV or X-rays
c) cigarette or alcohol.
FREE RADICAL FREE RADICALS : THE CAUSE
FORMATION
OF VIRTUALLY ALL DISEASES
Environmental pollution
Industrial pollution
Excessive
Alcohol &
smoking
High fat
foods
Harmful effects of free radicals
A. Free Radical and biomolecules
1. Proteins
Cause oxidation of sulfhydryl groups, and modification of
AA. ROS may damage protein by fragmentation,
aggregation results in the loss of biological activity of
proteins.
2. Lipids
The polyunsaturated lipid molecules of cell membranes
are particularly susceptible to damaging free radicals
process and contribute to the uncontrolled chain
reaction (lipid peroxidation).
Lipid peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation refers to the
oxidative degradation of
lipids.
It is the process whereby free
radicals "steal" electrons
from the lipids in cell
membranes, resulting in cell
damage.
This process proceeds by a free
radical chain reaction
mechanism. It most often
affects polyunsaturated fatty
acids(PUFA).
In addition, end products of lipid
peroxidation may be
mutagenic and carcinogenic
Harmful effects of free radicals
A. Free Radical and biomolecules
3. Carbohydrates
Free Radicals
Carcinogenesis
B. Medium level & rapid Mutagenesis
Dehydroascorbate, DHA
It is a water-soluble, antioxidant present in citrus fruits,
potatoes, tomatoes and green leafy vegetables.
It is a chain breaking antioxidant as a reducing agent or
electron donor. It scavenges free radicals and inhibits lipid
peroxidation. It also promotes the regeneration of -
tocopherol.
Nutrient antioxidant
3. carotenoids
Antioxidant Source
RO, O2-
HO HOO
H2O2,
ROO, 1O2,
Effect of Reactive Oxygen Species on
Degenerative Diseases
Teeth Joints
Periodontis Reactive Oxygen Species Arthritis
Vit C
Vit E
Karotenoid
selenium
Vitamins Alpha Breaks lipid peroxidation Fat soluble
tocopherol Lipid peroxide and O2 and OH vitamin
scavenger
Caroteniods
carotenes xanthophylls
Biochemical function:
cofactor for at least
eight enzymes
At the tissue level, a
major function
collagen synthesis ( vit C
deficiency can lead
scurvy)
The antioxidant
properties protect NO,
protect against age-
related cataract
Fruits
Grapes
Berry fruits
Prunes
Citrus fruits
Apples
Vegetables
Tomato Beans
Broccoli Beet
Mushroom Corn
White cabbage Kale
Cauliflower Spinach
Garlic Onion
Soybean
R2 O
R1 O
OH
Isoflavone R1 R2
Genistein OH OH
Genistin OH O-glucose
Daidzein H OH
Daidzin H O-glucose
Herb and Spice
OH CH3 OH CH3
HO HO
CH3 O CH3
HOOC C
O OH
HO
OH Rosemarinic Acid
Tea
OH
OH
OH
O HO O
HO OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Epicatechin Epigallocatechin
Wine
Antioksidan alami.
Antioksidan Sintetik
Yaitu antioksidan yang diperoleh dari hasil sintesis reaksi
kimia dan telah diproduksi untuk tujuan komersial.
Contoh:
propil galat,
Tokoferol
Butil Hidroksi Anisol (BHA)
BHA memiliki kemampuan antioksidan yang baik pada
lemak hewan dalam sistem makanan panggang,
namun relatif tidak efektif pada minyak tanaman.
flavonoid,
kumarin,
tokoferol,
Flavonol
Isoflavon
Kateksin
Flavonol
Kalkon
Sementara turunan asam sinamat meliputi asam
kafeat, asam ferulat, asam klorogenat, dan lain-
lain.
Senyawa antioksidan alami polifenolik ini adalah
multifungsional dan dapat beraksi sebagai
(a) pereduksi
(b) penangkap radikal bebas
(c) pengkelat logam
(d) peredam terbentuknya singlet oksigen.
Jenis Antioksidan
Berdasarkan Mekanisme
Kerja
Antioksidan primer
Antioksidan sekunder
Antioksidan Primer
Merupakan antioksidan yang berfungsi sebagai
pemberi atom hidrogen.
Inisiasi : R* + AH RH + A*
Radikal lipida
Efisien
Murah
Kekurangan Antioksidan
Antioksidan tidak dapat memperbaiki flavor lipida
yang berkualitas rendah.
Spektrofotometri IR
Metode Kuantitatif
Metode ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity)
Efisien
f. Neraca Analitik
Cara Kerja :