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GSM
Various subsystems
1. Network Subsystem includes the equipments
and functions related to end-to-end call.
B
T MSC VLR
S BSC
BSC Data
Networks
A Interface
B A-bis interface
T
S
BSC:BASE STATION CONTROLLER, BTS: BASE TRANSRECEIVER STATION, OSS: OPERATION AND SUPPORT
SUBSYSTEM.ss
GSMNetwork Structure
• GSM Service Area: Total area served by the
combination of all member countries where a
mobile can be served.
• PLMN Service Area:It is one N/W area.
• MSC Service Area:There can many MSC/VLR in
one PLMN area.It is one Mobile Exch. Area.
• GMSC: All I/C calls for PLMN N/W will be
routed through GMSC. In a GSM/PLMN N/W all
mobile terminated calls will be routed to a
Gateway MSC. Call connections between
PLMNs , or to fixed N/Ws must be routed to a
GMSC.The GMSC contains the Inter working
functions to make these connections.
• Location Area
• Cells
LOCATION AREA:There are several LA in a MSC/VLR
combination A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR service area in
which a MS may move freely without updating location
information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA.
Within a LA a paging message is broadcast in order to find
the called mobile subs. LA can be identified by system using
the LAI.
CELL.A cell is an identity served by one BTS. The MS
distinguishes between cells using the BASE STATION
IDENTIFICATION CODE(BSIC) that the cell site broadcast
over the air.
GSM
PLMN Service Area
II II
MSC
MSC VLR
MSC VLR
V
MSC VLR
III IV
GSM
MSC Service Area
LA2
VLR LA3
LA1
MSC
LA4 LA6
LA5
GSM
Cells LA2
LA3
LA1
VLR
C3 LA6
LA4 C2
C1
MSC
C4
C5
LA5 C6
C=CELL
GSM
Relation between areas in GSM
CellArea
Location
Area served by a BTS
Location Area
MSC Service Area
PLMN Service Area
GSM Service Area
GSM
LA Coding
MCC MNC LAC
LAI
MCC:Mobile country code, MNC: Mobile N/W Code,
LAC: Location Area code
GSM
Functions of Mobile Station
• Voice and data transmission
• Frequency and time synchronization
• Monitoring of power and signal quality
of the surrounding cells
• Provision of location updates even
during inactive state
• Equalization of multi path distortions
GSM
Mobile Station
Grey List
Black List
RADIO SUB SYSTEM (RSS)
MSC/VLR
BSC BSC
BSC
RSS
n BTS n BTS
GSM
FUNCTION OF BTS -I
• Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates
and feeds the RF signals to the antenna
• Frequency hopping
C HLR AUC
F
E
Other
EIR A
MSC MSC
(PSTN)
(BSS)
GSM
MSC ( MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE)
• Manages communication between GSM &
other network
• Call setup functions, basic switching are done
• MSC takes into account the RR allocation in
addition to normal exchange functions
• MSC does gateway function while its customers
roams to other network by using HLR /VLR
GSM
MSC Functions - I
• Paging, specifically call handling
• Location updation
• Handover management
• Billing for all subscribers based in its area
• Reallocation of frequencies to BTSs in its area
to meet heavy demands
GSM
MSC Functions - II
• Echo canceller operation control
• MSRN
• AUC
Database SRES RAND
Kc
IMSI1 ki1 HLR
Algorithm for
IMSI2 ki2 Ciphering
A8 Kc
IMSI3 ki3
64 bits
Algorithm for
Generation Authentication SRES
of Random A3
Number 32 bits
RAND
RAND
GSM
EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER ( EIR )
-Configuration management
-Performance supervision/management
KEY Encryption
Process
Cipher-text
GSM
Generic Authentication
Process
RAND
Ki RAND Ki
Radio Path
IMSI
A3 A3 IMSI
SRES
Response Compare
SRES
Yes/No
Authentication
At MS At N/W
Ki Ki
RAND( 128 bits )
A3 A3
SRES SRES
=? ( 32 bits )
AUTHENTICATION
• Ki ( 128 bits) : Identification Key
- Purpose : Ki is used to calculate SRES and Kc.
- Ki is stored in SIM and HLR.
- Ki is never transmitted over signaling
network.
• RAND ( 128 bits ):Random Number
- Purpose : RAND is used to calculate SRES and Kc.
A5
Ciphering Stream
Ciphered Bits
XOR
Information Bits ( 114 bits )
CIPHERING
Authentication Procedure-I
• Authentication procedure is always initiated and
controlled by the n/w.
The purpose of authentication procedure is two fold
:
1. To check identity provided by the MS.
2. To supply n/w parameters to MS to calculate Kc.
Authentication Request
TIME
Authentication Response
Authentication Reject