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Dibyendu Samanta
School of Bioscience
Email: dibyendu.samanta@iitkgp.ac.in
Lecture Date Topic
1 19/07/17 Nucleic acids - 1
2 26/07/17 Nucleic acids - 2
3 02/08/17 Transcription and Translation
4 09/08/17 Protein structure - 1
5 16/08/17 Protein structure - 2
6 23/08/17 Enzymes - 1
7 30/08/17 Enzymes - 2
~ 1013
Chromosome numbers have no apparent
correlation to the organism size
Organism Scientific name
Chromosome 2n = 6
number (2n)
Human Homo sapiens 46
Indian Muntjac
Muntiacus muntjac 6
(Barking Deer)
Most of the higher eukaryotes are diploid (2n) i.e. their body
(somatic) cells contain two copies of the basic genome set
(two sets of homologous chromosomes)
Male Female
Concepts of Genome
Some eukaryotic cells and the gametes of most higher
eukaryotes are haploid (n) i.e. these cells contain one copy of
the basic genome set (one set of chromosomes)
Somatic Cells (2n) Somatic Cells (2n) Gametes (n)
Meiosis 22 + X Egg
OR 2n F
22 + X Egg
2n F
Meiosis 22 + X Sperm
OR
22 + Y Sperm
2n M 2n M
Cell Division
Important features of Eukaryotic
Cell Division Cycle
Repeating pattern of
cell growth (including
chromosome duplication)
and
Chromosome cell division (including
segregation chromosome segregation).
Steps in Cell Division
One cell --- (genome duplication & segregation into two) ---- Two cells
2n ---(4n)--- 2n + 2n
n ---(2n)--- n + n
One cell ---- (genome duplication & segregation into four) ---- Four cells
n n n n 2n 2n
Unique Features of Mitosis and Meiosis Compared
2n 2n Meiosis: single round of
chromosome duplication
4n 4n followed by two rounds of
chromosome segregation.
1st round (Meiosis-I)
segregates the homologs
that pair up.
2nd round (Meiosis-II)
segregates the sister-
chromatids
2n 2n 4n
Mitosis: homologs do not
pair up and segregate
but the sister-chromatids
segregate
n n n n 2n 2n
Unique Features of Mitosis and Meiosis Compared
Significance of Mitosis and Meiosis
Cell Division Cycle
(Focusing on Mitosis Division only)
Essential Events in a Cell Cycle
Repeating pattern of
cell growth (including
chromosome duplication)
and
Chromosome cell division (including
segregation chromosome segregation).
Cell Cycle Alternates Between Mitosis (M) and
Interphase (G1, S, G2)
(Monitor the
environment)
~ 0.5
~ 4.5
hour
hours
~ 10 ~ 9 hours
hours
However, cancer cells and embryonic cells skip G1, and G2, so
cell cycle is shorter
In normal cells, the minor damages in DNA are repaired and
small errors in molecular events are corrected. The cell-cycle
checkpoints delay or arrest the cells to proceed to the next stage
until the DNA damage is repaired or other molecular events of each
phase are completed / corrected before the next step is initiated.
Some features of cell cycle control (contd..)
If the DNA damage can not be repaired or any other faulty
events occurred during any phase of cell cycle, the defective cell
will not complete the division to proliferate, rather the cell death
or apoptosis program will be induced to eliminate them from the
normal healthy organism.
Evolutionarily conserved
EXECUTION (irreversible)
DEGRADATION
What are the features of Apoptosis?
Apoptosis is one type of cell death in which a ‘suicidal’ program is
activated within an cell, leading to rapid cell death.
Thank You