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The document discusses the electrochemical process by which neurons transmit signals via action potentials. It describes how the resting potential is established by the relative concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the neuron. When stimulated, sodium channels open, causing the membrane potential to rapidly depolarize and then repolarize as potassium channels open. This process propagates the action potential down the axon through continued stimulation of neighboring regions.
The document discusses the electrochemical process by which neurons transmit signals via action potentials. It describes how the resting potential is established by the relative concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the neuron. When stimulated, sodium channels open, causing the membrane potential to rapidly depolarize and then repolarize as potassium channels open. This process propagates the action potential down the axon through continued stimulation of neighboring regions.
The document discusses the electrochemical process by which neurons transmit signals via action potentials. It describes how the resting potential is established by the relative concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the neuron. When stimulated, sodium channels open, causing the membrane potential to rapidly depolarize and then repolarize as potassium channels open. This process propagates the action potential down the axon through continued stimulation of neighboring regions.
energy? History & Overview 1900s - German physiologist Julies Bernstein proposed that nerve impulses were electrochemical messages caused by the movement of ions. In 1939 Cole & Curtis looked at a giant squid axon – found it negative on the inside with respect to the outside. When the nerve was stimulated, this charge switched becoming positive on the inside for a few milliseconds, then back to negative again. Measuring Membrane Potential Animation Resting Potential Membrane Potential - the difference in charge between the outside and inside of the neuron Resting Potential – membrane potential at rest - 70 mV - average resting potential Membrane is said to be polarized How Resting Potential is Established The outside of the axon contains lots of Na+ – Na+ wants to diffuse in The inside of the axon contains lots of K+ – K+ wants to diffuse out Membrane is more permeable to K+ End result – more K+ going out than Na + coming in, so more +’ve on the outside –’ve on the inside Sodium-potassium pumps maintain this difference in charge (between outside and inside) Action Potential When a nerve impulse arrives, membrane permeability changes Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in Inside of neuron is now more +’ve Membrane potential is now +40 mV Called depolarization Repolarization Action Potential only lasts 0.2 – 2 ms Then Na+ channels close K+ channels open, K+ rushes out Charge inside the axon is –’ve again This is called repolarization Refractory Period During the repolarization, it becomes more negative than resting potential Called hyperpolarized (-75mV) Eventually the sodium-potassium pump restores balance and position of ions The time this takes is the refractory period (lasts 1 - 10 ms) During the refractory period, another action potential cannot be started Propagation of Action Potential Learn Alberta Animation Action Potential Propagation Animation One action potential at one point on an axon triggers an action potential right next to it. It can only go one way because the area that it just came from is in its refractory period. Extra YouTube Animation Myelinated Neurons When axons are myelinated – impulse travels by saltatory conduction Action potentials occur only at the nodes Saltatory Conduction Animation Threshold Level Threshold level – the minimum level of stimulus required to produce a response Threshold levels are different in each neuron Once the threshold stimulus is reached, it is an all-or-none response There are no variations in speed or intensity of the action potential Intensity The intensity of stimulus can be recognized by: 1 – More frequent nerve impulse 2 – Neurons with a higher threshold also fire