Color Models

Color Image Processing
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 Motive
- Color is a powerful descriptor that often
simplifies object identification and extraction
from a scene.
- Human can discern thousands of color
shades and intensities, compared to about
only two dozen shades of gray.
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Preview
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Preview
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Preview
 Color image processing is divide into two

major area:
 Full-Color Processing
 Pseudo-Color Processing
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Color Fundamentals
The experiment of Sir Isaac Newton, in 1666.
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Color Fundamentals (con’t)c
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Color Fundamentals (con’t)c
 Basic quantities to describe the quality of light

source:
 Radiance: Total amount of energy that flows from
the light source (in W).
 Luminance: A measure of the amount of energy
an observer perceives from the light source (in lm)
 Brightness: A subjective descriptor that embodies
the achromatic notion of intensity and is practical
impossible to measure.
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Color Fundamentals (con’t)
Standard wavelength values for the

primary colors
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 The characteristics generally used to distinguish

one color from another are Brightness, Hue, and
Saturation.
 Hue: Represents dominant color as perceive by an
observer.
 Saturation: Relative purity or the amount of white light
mixed with a hue
 Hue and saturation taken together are called

Chromaticity, and therefore, a color may be
characterized by its Brightness and Chromaticity.
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 Tri-stimulus values: The amount of Red, Green and

Blue needed to form any particular color
Denoted by: X, Y and Z
 Tri-chromatic coefficient:
X Y Z
x y z
X Y  Z X Y  Z X Y  Z
x  y  z 1
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Chromaticity Diagram
Green Point =
62% green,
25% red,
13% blue.
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Color Gamut
produced by RGB
monitors
Color Gamut
produced by high
quality color printing
device
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Color Models
 The purpose of a color model (also called color

space or color system) is to facilitate the
specification of colors in some standard,
generally accept way.
 RGB (red,green,blue) : monitor, video camera.
 CMY(cyan,magenta,yellow),CMYK (CMY, black) model
for color printing.
 and HSI model,which corresponds closely with the way
humans describe and interpret color.
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The RGB Color Models
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The RGB Color Models (con’t)
2 
8 3
 16,777,216 Colors
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Safe RGB Colors (Safe Web colors)
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The CMY and CMYK Color Models
 Cyan, Magenta and Yellow are the secondary colors

of light
 Most devices that deposit colored pigments on
paper, such as color printers and copiers, require CMY
data input.
 C  1  R 
M   1  G 
    
 Y  1  B 
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The HSI Color Models
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 Converting colors from RGB to HSI
 if B  G
H 
360   if B  G
 1 
[( R  G )  ( R  B )]
1  
  cos  2
1/ 2 
 [( R  G ) 2
 ( R  B )( G  B )] 
 
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S  1 [min( R, G, B)]
( R  G  B)
1
I  ( R  G  B)
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 Converting colors from HIS
to RGB
 RG sector :
0   H  120 
B  I (1  S )
 S cos H 
R  I 1  
 cos( 60 
 H ) 
G  3I  ( R  B )
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to RGB
 GB sector : 120   H  240 
H  H  120
R  I (1  S )
 S cos H 
G  I 1  
 cos( 60 
 H ) 
B  3I  ( R  G )
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to RGB
 BR sector : 240   H  360 
H  H  240
G  I (1  S )
 S cos H 
B  I 1  
 cos( 60 
 H ) 
R  3I  (G  B)
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RGB H H S
S I I RGB
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Pseudocolor Image Processing
 Pseudocolor (also called false color) image

processing consists of assigning colors to gray
values based on a specified criterion.
 The principal use of pseudocolor is for human

visualization and interpretation of gray-scale events
in an image or sequence of images.
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Intensity Slicing
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Intensity Slicing (con’t)
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Gray Level to Color Transformations
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Basic of Full Color Image Processing
Let c represent an arbitrary vector in RGB color space
 cR   R 
c  cG   G 
cB   B 
For an image of size M*N,
cR ( x, y)   R( x, y) 
c( x, y)  cG ( x, y )  G( x, y)
cB ( x, y)   B( x, y) 
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Basic of Full Color Image Processing
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Basic of Full-Color Image Processing
 Major categories of full-color Image

processing:
 Per-color-component processing
 Vector-based processing
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Basic of Full-Color Image Processing
Color Transformation
Processing the components of a color image

within the context of a single color model.
g ( x, y)  T  f ( x, y)
si  Ti r1 , r2 ,, rn , i  1,2,..., n
Color components of g Color components of f
Color mapping functions
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Full-Color Image Processing
Color Transformation
CMYK
RGB  Some difficulty in interpreting the

HUE:
 Discontinuity where 0 and
360º meet.
HSI  Hue is undefined for a

saturation 0 46
Color Transformation: Modify the Intensity
si  kri i  1,2,3 s1  r1
g ( x, y )  kf ( x, y )
si  kri  (1  k ) i  1,2,3 s2  r2
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s3  kr3
Color Transformation: Color Complement
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Color Transformation: Color Complement
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Color Transformation: Color Slicing
Motive: Highlighting a specific range of colors in an

image
Basic Idea:
 Display the color of interest so that they stand out
from background
 Use the region defined by the colors as a mask for
further processing
  W
0.5 if  rj  a j  
si    2  any1 j  n , i  1,2,..., n
r
i otherwise
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1. Colors of interest are enclosed by cube (or hypercube

for n>3)
  W
0.5 if  rj  a j  
si    2  any1 j  n , i  1,2,..., n
r
i otherwise
2. Colors of interest are enclosed by Sphere

 n
 0.5 if  (rj  a j )  R0
2 2
si   j 1
, i  1,2,..., n
ri otherwise
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Cube Sphere
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Color Transformation: Color Correction
The proportion of any color can be increased by decreasing the
amount of the opposite (or complementary) color in the image or by
raising the proportion of the two immediately adjacent colors or
decreasing the percentage of the two colors adjacent to the
complement.
Magenta 
Removing Red Adding Green

and Blue
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Color Transformation: Color Correction
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Color Transformation: Histogram Processing
Histogram
Equalizing the Saturation
Intensity Adjustment
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Color Image Smoothing
Averaging:
1
c ( x, y ) 
K
 c ( x, y )
( x , y )S xy
1 
  R ( x, y ) 
 K ( x , y )S xy 
1 
c ( x, y )    G ( x, y ) 
 K ( x , y )S xy 
1 
 K  B ( x, y ) 
 ( x , y )S xy 
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Red
Green Blue
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Hue Saturation Intensity
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Averaging R,G and B Averaging Intensity Difference
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Color Image Sharpening
The Laplacian of Vector c :
  2 R ( x, y ) 
 2 
 c ( x, y )   G ( x, y )
2
  2 B ( x, y ) 
 
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Color Image Sharpening
Sharpening R,G and B Sharpening Intensity Difference
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Color Segmentation
Segmentation is a process that partitions an

image into regions
 Segmentation in HIS Color Space

 Segmentation in RGB Vector Space
 Color Edge Detection
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Color Segmentation: in HIS Color Space
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Color Segmentation: in RGB Vector Space
z is similar to a if the distance between them is less than a
specified threshold.
Euclidian Distance: D(z, a )  z  a

 (z  a )T (z  a ) 
1/ 2
 ( z  a ) 
1/ 2
R R
2
 ( zG  aG ) 2  ( z B  aB ) 2
D(z, a )  (z  a ) C 
1 1/ 2
Generalized form: T
(z  a )
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Color Segmentation: in RGB Vector Space
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Color Segmentation: Color Edge Detection
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Noise in Color Images
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From Images to Objects
• What Defines an Object?

– Subjective problem, but has been well-studied
– Gestalt Laws seek to formalize this
• proximity, similarity, continuation, closure, common fat
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Finding Modes in a Histogram
• How Many Modes Are There?

– Easy to see, hard to compute 73
Mean Shift
• Iterative Mode Search

1. Initialize random seed, and fixed window
2. Calculate center of gravity of the window (the “mean”)
3. Translate the search window to the mean
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4. Repeat Step 2 until convergence
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Mean-Shift
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Correlation comparison
• Average face template • Edge face template
– Poor separation between faces – Better separation between
– Difficult to identify face centroid faces
– Peaks (centroid) more easily
identifiable
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Segmentation Using Edges
• Edges  Segments
– Spurious edges
– Missing
How edges
could user-interaction help?
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Snakes
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Using texture features for
segmentation
• Convolve image with a bank of filters
• Find textons by clustering vectors of filter
bank outputs
Image Texton map
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Color Models

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Color Models

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Color Image Processing

 Color image processing is divide into two

The experiment of Sir Isaac Newton, in 1666.

 Basic quantities to describe the quality of light

Standard wavelength values for the

 The characteristics generally used to distinguish

 Hue and saturation taken together are called

 Tri-stimulus values: The amount of Red, Green and

 The purpose of a color model (also called color

Safe RGB Colors (Safe Web colors)

 Cyan, Magenta and Yellow are the secondary colors

 Pseudocolor (also called false color) image

 The principal use of pseudocolor is for human

Let c represent an arbitrary vector in RGB color space

 Major categories of full-color Image

Processing the components of a color image

Color components of g Color components of f

Color mapping functions

RGB  Some difficulty in interpreting the

HSI  Hue is undefined for a

Motive: Highlighting a specific range of colors in an

1. Colors of interest are enclosed by cube (or hypercube

2. Colors of interest are enclosed by Sphere

Removing Red Adding Green

Hue Saturation Intensity

The Laplacian of Vector c :

Segmentation is a process that partitions an

 Segmentation in HIS Color Space

• What Defines an Object?

• How Many Modes Are There?

• Iterative Mode Search

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