Chapter 9

Reaction Stoichiometry

9.1 Introduction to
Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometry
(STOY-KEE-AHM-EH-TREE)

• The study of quantities of materials consumed

and produced in chemical reactions.
• Composition Stoichiometry - deals with mass
relationships of elements in compounds
• Reaction Stoichiometry - Involves mass
relationships between reactants and products
in a chemical reaction
The Mole
 Reaction Stoichiometry Problems
Use Use Use
Molar Mole Molar
Mass! Ratio! Mass!
Given Given Unknown Unknown
Mass Moles Moles Mass

1. Given and unknown quantities are in moles

2. Given is an amount in moles and the unknown is a
mass (usually in grams)
3. Given is a mass in grams and the unknown is an
amount in moles
4. Given is a mass in grams and the unknown is a
mass in grams
 Mole Ratio
• A conversion factor that relates the amounts in
moles of any two substances involved in a
chemical reaction
• The coefficients in a balanced reaction will
usually serve as a molar ratio!
• Mole ratio is used to convert:
given moles → unknown moles
Molar Ratios 1 mole of ethanol reacts with 3 moles of
oxygen to produce 2 moles of carbon
dioxide and 3 moles of water

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

The ratio of ethanol to oxygen is:

1 mol to 3 mol

The ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide is:

3 mol to 2 mol

The ratio of carbon to hydrogen in ethanol is:

2 mol to 6 mol, or 1 mol to 3 mol
 Mole
Relations
 Review: Molar Mass
A substance’s molar mass (molecular weight)
is the mass in grams of one mole of the
compound.
CO2 = 44.01 grams per mole
H2O = 18.02 grams per mole
Ca(OH)2 = 74.10 grams per mole
 Molar Mass
• Molar mass of compounds and elements
is used to convert:
given mass → given moles
and
unknown moles → unknown mass
Using Compound Masses
 Chapter 9
Reaction Stoichiometry

9.2 Ideal Stoichiometric

Calculations
 Problem Solving Methods
• Ideal Stoichiometry - All reactants are
converted into products
• Mass-Mass Problems
Start with a known mass of reactant or product,
find an unknown mass of another reactant or
product
• All other stoichiometry problems are derivations
(shortened versions) of this larger solution
 Problem Solving Methods
Find
Find Moles Use Mole
Grams of
of Given Ratios of
Unknown
using find Moles
using
Molar of
Molar
Mass Unknown
Mass

Assume all reactants turn into products!

 Steps to Solving Problems
1. Start with a correctly balanced chemical
equation.
2. Use key words in the problem statement to
identify substances as either reactants or
products.
3. Determine what units you've been given and
what you are being asked to find.
4. Label each step with the correct units!
5. The units from the numerator of the first step
become the units in the denominator of the
next step, and so forth.
6. Stop when you have an answer with the units
that you are searching for!
Solving a Stoichiometry Problem
6.50 grams of aluminum reacts with an excess of
oxygen. How many grams of aluminum oxide are
formed.
Identify reactants and products and write the
balanced equation.
4 Al + 3 O2 2 Al2O3
a. Every reaction needs a yield sign!
b. What are the reactants?
c. What are the products?
d. What are the balanced coefficients?
 Solving a Stoichiometry Problem
6.50 grams of aluminum reacts with an excess of
oxygen. How many grams of aluminum oxide are
formed?

4 Al + 3 O2  2Al2O3

6.50 g Al 1 mol Al 2 mol Al2O3 101.96 g Al2O3

X X X = ? g Al2O3
26.98 g Al 4 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3

6.50 x 2 x 101.96 ÷ 26.98 ÷ 4 = 12.3 g Al2O3

 Chapter 9
Reaction Stoichiometry

9.3 Limiting Reactants &

Percent Yield
 Limiting Reactant
The limiting reactant is the reactant
that is consumed first, limiting the
amounts of products formed.
Limiting Reactant?
I want to make chocolate chip
cookies. I find in my kitchen:
• 40 lbs. of butter
• two lbs. of salt
• 1 gallon of vanilla extract
• 80 lbs. of chocolate chips It should be clear that
the number of cookies
• 200 lbs. of flour I make will be limited
• 150 lbs. of sugar by the number of
• 150 lbs. of brown sugar eggs!
• ten lbs. of baking soda
• TWO eggs
Limiting Reagents - Combustion
 Identifying the Limiting Reactant
1. Convert grams of each reactant to moles if
the problem has not already done so
2. Use molar ratios from the balance chemical
equation to determine which reactant is
limiting, and which reactant is in excess
• Excess Reactant
The substance that is not used up
completely in a reaction
Stoichiometry with Limiting Reactants

• To calculate an amount of product

produced:
All calculations should start with the
amount of the limiting reactant (LR), not
the excess reactant (XS)!
 Percent Yield
• Theoretical Yield
The maximum amount of product that can
be produced from a given amount of
reactant (from stoichiometric calculations!)
• Actual Yield
The measured amount of a product
obtained from a reaction (from laboratory
experiments)
 Calculating Percent Yield
• The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical
yield, multiplied by 100

Percent Actual Yield X 100

=
Yield Theoretical Yield
How many times did you see
the mole?????