The breathing factor

Clearing the air and traffic in cities:

 Asia: The Gas Chamber
(Premature Deaths Due to Outdoor Air Pollution)
WHO estimates 0.8 million deaths and 4.6 million lost life years every year
globally. Two-third of this occurs in Asia.

35% Rest
of the
world

65% Asia
 Delhi: The future pollution challenge
Particulate levels (PM10) though stabilised are still
very high

300
microgramme per cubic metre

250

200

150

100

50

l
rt

ar
O

ar

n
ri

h
ra

al
fo

di

ag
IT

pu

ag
h

H
da
ud
Vi

ri

B
k

n
iN
ah
Si

na

w
ok

am

in

To
Sh

d
Ja
sh

za

j
iz

ro
N
A

Sa
Sh

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Safe level

2001 and 2021: population expected to grow by 67 per cent.
Vehicular trips per day by 131 per cent

Delhi’s road network increased nearly three times from 1971-

72 to 2000-01, but vehicle numbers have increased 16 times
Delhi already has more than 4 million vehicles. Numbers
rising rapidly. Around 385 personal four-wheelers and 569
two-wheelers are registered every day in Delhi
Crawling peak hour traffic.
Severe pollution, congestion and energy
impacts
MPW
 Time for second generation reforms
in Delhi
 

Mobility management
 Personal vehicles use more road space,
pollute more, meet less travel demand

45

40
40
35
30 Average number of
25 passengers per vehicle

20
Pollution load in
15
gramme/passenger km
7.13

10
4.76
0.375

0.375

0.075
5 0.93
4

0.25 Congestion effect in

2

1
0 PCU* per passenger
Two-stroke two- Four-stroke Car with Diesel bus
wheeler four-wheeler catalytic
converter petrol

Note: * one car is equal to one PCU, 1 bus = 2.5 PCU, 1 scooter = 0.75 PCU
Source: Anon 2003, Draft urban transport policy, Ministry of Urban Development, Delhi
 100%
90%
80%
Modal split in percent

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Ahmedabad

Lucknow
Hyderabad

Chennai
Delhi
Kolkata

Pune
Bus Car, Taxi, two-wheelers Three-wheelers Rickshaw Cycle
Source: World Bank 2002
 Ambedkar Nagar to Moolchand

Chirag Delhi to Siri

1505 5786 86 Bicycles:
Bicycles:17%
17% ofofthe
the
Fort
NMV
fleet -- meets 19% of
fleet -- meets 19% of
Press Enclave to
2384 8569 120 MV
the
thetravel
traveldemand
demand
Chirag Delhi
Bus
Ambedkar Nagar to Motorised
Motorisedtraffic
traffic
2387 4921 134
Press Enclave (Cars and
(Cars and 22
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
wheelers)
wheelers)75%75%ofofthe
the
fleet -- meets 20% of
fleet -- meets 20% of
the
thetravel
traveldemand
demand
Moolchand to Ambedkar Nagar
Buses:
Buses:8%8%of
ofthe
the
fleet
fleet but meets61%
but meets 61%
Siri Fort to Chirag
Delhi
415 2700 72 of the travel
of the travel
NMV demand
demand
Chirag Delhi to Press
370 3751 151 MV
Enclave
Bus
Press Enclave to
Ambedkar Nagar
431 1951 135 A joint survey by
CSE, RITES and
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 Delhi IIT, 2006
By 2021 - even with present bus services, and implementation of metro rail and
integrated rail and bus transport (IRBT) there will be a shortfall of nine million
trips per day.

Need good public transport system to leverage change

• Implementation of the metro rail system has already begun in Delhi

•Delhi government has developed a transport plan to meet the explosive

demand and proposes the following public transport projects:

-- The high capacity bus system with dedicated corridors

-- The monorail
-- The electric trolley bus system
-- Integrated rail-cum-bus transit
High capacity bus rapid transit is being implemented as the priority
project in Delhi
 6 5.69

5
vehicle-kmIn
pervehicle-km Rs
InRs

3 2.39
taxper

2
Totaltax

1.03
Total

1 0.44

0
Two wheeler Car Jeep/taxis Buses
The city needs to integrate all forms of transport to maximise
access and mobility

Without easy transfers from one mode to the other passenger

demand for each mode can remain small. Travel cost can
increase.

Poor coordination can seriously hamper operations

Need good management system to create the interface for

different modes of transport
Leapfrog technology roadmap
Leapfrog emissions and fuel standards. Get clean diesel or restrict
dieselisation. Improve two wheelers emissions. Expand
alternative fuel fleet
Reinvent Mobility
Build public transport to leverage change
Manage mobility
Restrain cars
Use direct levers like parking policy
Fuel economy standards

Other measures:
Effective I&M and emissions warranty. Use strong fiscal incentive
for change
Improve air and health surveillance
 Barriers…
 Government delayed regulatory measures to
implement the programme. Confused issues.

 Bus operators delayed compliance. Operators ordered

CNG chassis, but refused delivery

 “clean diesel” disinformation - emission benefits of

ultra-low sulfur diesel + DPF claimed for 500 ppm
diesel alone


 Concern over toxic particulate emissions from vehicles

 CNG is replacing buses running on poor quality diesel, two-
stroke three-wheelers and small trucks for maximum
emission gains

 Clean fuel programme is linked with augmentation of public

bus transport

 Liberation from fuel adulteration – an important benefit

 Energy security
On fuel quality
500 ppm sulphur fuels in 2000 and 350 ppm sulphur fuels in 2005
Petrol with 1 per cent benzene
Mandated pre-mix petrol to two- and three-wheelers

On vehicle technology
Euro II emissions standards in 2000, five years ahead of schedule and Euro III in 2005

On alternative fuels
Implemented largest ever CNG programme – more than 100,000 CNG vehicles in one
city within a span of 5 years
Largest ever public transport bus fleet on clean fuels – 10,600 CNG buses

Other cross cutting policy measures

Improved air quality monitoring (Begun monitoring of PM2.5 and air toxics)
Strengthened vehicle inspection programme (Implemented improved CO and HC
norms and begun a pilot phase of lambda measurement)
Efforts made to bypass transit traffic
Set up independent fuel testing laboratories to check fuel adulteration
 CNG is a viable technology for drastically reducing diesel PM
and NOx emissions where natural gas supply/pricing are
favorable
 Ensure proper implementation -- Need appropriate emissions
and safety standards.
 Quality control of the design and engineering of OEM buses
 Discourage conversion of old diesel buses. If unavoidable
enforce stringent quality control measures
 Need specially designed inspection and maintenance programs
 Large-scale change in vehicle fleet is possible in a surprisingly
short time if the incentives/prices are right (carrot and stick).
 Design appropriate refuelling network
Thank You