CONTROL SYSTEM

OF PHYSIOLOGY

By.
Dr.H.Gusbakti Rusip,MD
Professor of Physiology

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 Function of control system
Activities of all tissues Organism must
must be co-ordinated respond to
to maintain normal chemical and
function and to
ensure survival of the
physical changes
organism in environment

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 HOMEOSTATIS
MAINTAINANCE THIS CHANGES OCCUR
RELATIVELY IN RESPONSE TO
CHANGES IN THE
STABLE
EXTERNAL
CONDITIONS ENVIROMENT
INSIDE THE BODY INVOLVES CAREFUL
SMALL CHANGES CONTROL AND
DO OCCUR WITHIN INTEGRATION OF
NARROW LIMITS BODILY FUNCTION

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 Homeostasis
The principal theme of physiology;

Maintenance of constancy of the Changes in the internal

internal environment ( milieu )
“ Dynamic steady state of the
internal environment “
environment around cells
in the body automatically
initiate responses to
minimize effects of the
change.

Multicellular or organisms have cells

Internal bathed in fluid ( extracellular or intersitial
environment fluid like blood plasma, a salt solution ).
These fluid compartments serve as
medium for exchange of nutrients, waste
material, O2
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CONTROL AND INTEGRATION
NERVE : HORMONES :
RAPID RESPONSE SLOW RESPONSE 
 MILLI SECONDS MINUTES/HOURS/DAYS
SHORT DURATION SUSTAINED DURATION
 DAYS/MONTHS/YEARS
 SECONDS
Eg : Growrh/ Pregnancy
Eg: Pain Withdrawal
reflex

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 REGULATION OF BODY
FUNCTION
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK NERVOUS
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM POSITIF FEEDBACK SYSTEM

REGULATES
REGULATES
MAINLY THE MAINLY
HOMOESTATIS
METABOLIC MUSCULAR
AND FEEDBACK
FUNCTION CONTROL
AND
SECRETORY
ACTIVITIES

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HOMEOSTATIS -NEGATIVE FEED BACK
Negative feedback loops have been compared to a
thermostatically controlled temperature in a house, where the
internal temperature is monitored by a temperature-sensitive
gauge in the thermostat.

Negative feedback loops require a receptor, a control center, and an

effector. A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. For
instance, the human body has receptors in the blood vessels that monitor
the pH of the blood
Negative feedback occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose
Read more
changes to the input of the system, with the result that the changes are
attenuated. If the overall feedback of the system is negative, then the
system will tend to be stable

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Lactation also involves positive feedback in that the more the baby
suckles, the more milk is produced, via a surge in prolactin secretion.
Estrogen that functions during the follicular phase of menstruation is
also an example of positive feedback.
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 COMPARATIVE CONTROL
SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
MASTER CONTROLLING MAINTENANCE OF
AND COMMUNICATION INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEM IN THE BODY INTEGRATION &
FUNCTION: REGULATION GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
– SENSORY INPUT
CONTROL, MAINTENANCE,
– INTEGRATION
INSTIGATION OF SEXUAL
– MOTOR OUTPUT REPRODUCTION, INCLUDING
(EFFECTOR) GAMETOGENESIS, COITUS, FETAL
GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT,
NOURISHMENT OF NEWBORN

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 Control of hormone secretion
2. By other hormones:
e.g. Thyroid stimulating hormone, released from the
pituitary gland, stimulates the release of thyroxine
from the thyroid gland
3. By the concentration of a blood constituent:
e.g. A high blood glucose concentration stimulates the
-cells of the pancreas to secrete insulin
4. By negative feedback:
e.g. Level of thyroxine in blood controls its own rate of
secretion

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 PROPERTY NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ANATOMY “WIRED” SYSTEM, SPESIFIC STRUCTURAL “WIRELESS” SYSTEM, WIDELY

ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN NEURON DISPERSED & N0T STRUCTURALALLY
&THEIR TARGET CELLS RELATED TO THEIR TARGET CELLS

TYPE CHEMICAL MESSENGER NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE INTO HORMONE RELEASE INTO BLOOD
SYNAPTIC CLEFT

DISTANCE OF OF ACTION VERY SHORT DISTANCE LONG DISTANCE (CARRIED BY

CHEMICAL MESSENGER BLOOD)

MEAN OF SPESIFIC ACTION ON DEPENDENT ON DOSE ANTOMIC DEPENDENT ON SPESIFIC TARGET

TARGET CELLS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NERVE CELL CELL BINDING & RESPONSIVENESS
AND THEIR TARGET CELLS TO A PARTICULARY HORMONE

SPEED OF RESPONSE RAPID (MILLISECOND) SLOWLY (MINUTES TO HOURS)

DURATION OF ACTION BRIEF (MILLISECOND) LONG (MINUTES TO DAYS OR

LONGER)

MAJOR FUNCTION COORDINATES RAPID, PRECISE C0NTROL ACTIVITIES THAT

RESPONSE RESPONSE LONG DURATION RATHER
THAN SPESOFIC

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Levels of
Organization:
•CHEMICAL LEVEL - includes all chemical
substances necessary for life; together form the next
higher level
•CELLULAR LEVEL - cells are the basic structural and
functional units of the human body & there are many different
types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, and so on)
•TISSUE LEVEL - a tissue is a group of cells that
perform a specific function and the basic types of tissues in
the human body include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and
connective tissues
•ORGAN LEVEL - an organ consists of 2 or more tissues
that perform a particular function (e.g., heart, liver, stomach,
and so on)
•SYSTEM LEVEL - an association of organs that have a
common function; the major systems in the human body
include digestive, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory,
urinary, and reproductive.

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 Organ Systems
Organ systems are composed
of two or more different organs
that work together to provide a
common function.
There are 10 major
organ systems in the
human body, they are
the:

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 Skeletal System:

Major Role:

The main role of the skeletal

system is to provide support for
the body, to protect delicate
internal organs and to provide
attachment sites for the organs.

Major Organs:
Bones, cartilage, tendons and
ligaments
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Muscular System:
Major Role:
The main role of the muscular system
is to provide movement. Muscles
work in pairs to move limbs and
provide the organism with
mobility. Muscles also control the
movement of materials through some
organs, such as the stomach and
intestine, and the heart and
circulatory system.

Major Organs:
Skeletal muscles and smooth
muscles throughout the body.
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Circulatory System:

Major Role:
The main role of the circulatory
system is to transport nutrients,
gases (such as oxygen and CO2),
hormones and wastes through the
body.

Major Organs:
Heart, blood vessels and blood

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 Nervous System:
Major Role:
The main role of the nervous system
is to relay electrical signals through
the body. The nervous system
directs behaviour and movement
and, along with the endocrine
system, controls physiological
processes such as digestion,
circulation, etc.

Major Organs:
Brain, spinal cord and peripheral
nerves
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Respiratory System:

Major Role:
The main role of the respiratory
system is to provide gas
exchange between the blood and
the environment. Primarily,
oxygen is absorbed from the
atmosphere into the body and
carbon dioxide is expelled from
the body

.Major Organs:
Nose, trachea and lungs.
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Digestive System:

Major Role:
The main role of the
digestive system is to
breakdown and absorb
nutrients that are necessary
for growth and maintenance.

Major Organs:
Mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines.

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Excretory System:
Major Role:
The main role of the excretory
system is to filter out cellular
wastes, toxins and excess
water or nutrients from the
circulatory system.

Major Organs:
Kidneys, ureters, bladder and
urethra.
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Endocrine System:
Major Role:
The main role of the endocrine
system is to relay chemical messages
through the body. In conjunction with
the nervous system, these chemical
messages help control physiological
processes such as nutrient
absorption, growth, etc.

Major Organs:
Many glands exist in the body that
secrete endocrine hormones. Among
these are the hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, pancreas
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and adrenal glands.
 Reproductive System:
Major Role:
The main role of the reproductive
system is to manufacture cells that
allow reproduction. In the male,
sperm are created to inseminate egg
cells produced in the female.
Female: Male:
Major Organs:
Female (top): ovaries, oviducts,
uterus, vagina and mammary
glands.
Male (bottom): testes, seminal
vesicles and penis.
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 Lymphatic/Immune System:

Major Role:
The main role of the immune
system is to destroy and remove
invading microbes and viruses
from the body. The lymphatic
system also removes fat and
excess fluids from the blood.

Major Organs:
Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels,
white blood cells, T- and B- cells.
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 Homeostasis
The principal theme of physiology;

Maintenance of constancy of the Changes in the internal

internal environment ( milieu )
“ Dynamic steady state of the
internal environment “
environment around cells
in the body automatically
initiate responses to
minimize effects of the
change.

Multicellular or organisms have cells

Internal bathed in fluid ( extracellular or intersitial
environment fluid like blood plasma, a salt solution ).
These fluid compartments serve as
medium for exchange of nutrients, waste
material, O2gusbakti10
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