Bridge Health Monitoring System

Bridge on NH - 4
Health
Monitoring
System
1
Advanced
GlobalRehabilitation
Human Technology
Technology
Goals of this presentation
The need for Structural Health

Monitoring (SHM)
To describe the key features of a

SHM system
To provide an overview of Savcor

Futurtec SHM system & services
To discuss few benefits of SHM

Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
The need for Structural

Health Monitoring (SHM)
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
The need for SHM
The recent development in the
Construction technology (Rapid construction),
Material quality (Strength, Performance, etc…)
Modern complex design (complex geometry,

Conditions, etc..),
incorporating complex systems (such as
openings, Control-devices, advanced
polymers, composites etc..)
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
The need for SHM (contd)

• These advancement has enabled the
construction of Complex large span,
lighter, slender, high-rised,
magnificent, Architectural civil
infrastructures.
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology

• All these civil infrastructures are
subjected to various loads
(Earthquakes, Wave load, Wind load,
Moving loads, Impact loads, Blast
loads ,etc.), various conditions and
ageing.
• These with other factors can cause

• damages or failure and, in extreme
cases, total collapse of the
structure or structural members
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology

The primary causes of damage are
usually attributed to:
• materials failures
• extreme conditions or environments
• human factors (including both
‘unethical’ and 'ethical' failures or
accidents)
• design flaws (many of which are also
the result of unethical practices)
• and most commonly to combinations
of several of these reasons
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology

The primary question that need to be
answered:
Existence: Is there damage in the
system
Location: where is the damage, in the
system?
Type: what kind of damage is
present?
Extent: How severe is the damage?
Prognosis: How much useful life
remains?
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Condition Rating Probability of failure

Example: Performance Assessment
I35W Mississippi river bridge superstructure: 4 Poor ?
• bridge opened to traffic in 1967 ?

3 Serious
• rated “Poor” not “Critical”
2 Critical ?
• scheduled for reconstruction in 2020-25
• estimated Remaining Life 12-15 years 1 Imminent failure ?
–bridge collapsed 2 years after evaluation ! 0 Failed 1 ?

Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Example: Performance Assessment
Same bridges rated by different inspectors :

• up to 5 rating points difference! (FHWA 2000)
• unacceptable for such critical structures!
• predicted remaining life is arbitrary and
• lead to unsafe estimates- disasters (loss of life,
injuries, economic impacts, etc.)
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Failure over which Man had control over it..
At 6:05 p.m. on Aug. 1, 2007, the Interstate 35W Bridge over the Mississippi River
between University Avenue and Washington Avenue in Minneapolis collapsed.
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology

Indian Railways:
– ~63,140 Km long network
– More than ~14 million people moved daily
– More than a million ton of goods transported
daily
Safety is important
Railway Bridges
– More than 120,000 bridges
– 44% older than 100 years
– 74% or > 89,000 are more than 60 years old
On-demand, cost effective and scalable

solution required
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology

• Often major rail accidents occur due to failure
of railway bridges
– 140 year old bridge failed at Kadalundi in
Kerla, on 22nd June 2001 killing 57 people.
– 12 people killed due to derailment at a weak
culvert (12th May 2002)
– Rafiganj train disaster 10th September 2002
killing more than 130 people
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
General Factors leading to the

extensive degradation…
Factor #1 Unsatisfactory inspection and
monitoring of existing infrastructure
Consequences Problems become apparent

only when structures are in dire need of
repair
Result Repair costs become comparable to

replacement costs
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology

Factor #2: Overall deterioration and/or aging
Consequences Various detrimental effects on

structural performance, both safety and
serviceability
Result Need for repair, rehabilitation,

strengthening, or replacement
15
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology

Factor #3: Increased loads or design

requirements over time (e.g. heavier trucks)
Consequences Increased deterioration due to

overloads or to structural inadequacies
resulting from Design
Result Structures deemed unsafe or

unserviceable and strengthening or
replacement is required
16
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology

• The Current performance assessment is mainly qualitative
• Focus on material distresses instead of global system distresses
• Based on “visual” inspection + some non-destructive techniques
• mapping observed material distresses to subjective rating scales
• Arbitrary definition of minimum performance or failure criteria
• Limited or no quantitative data on:
• residual capacity, safety
• probability of failure and risk of failure
• remaining life
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology

Therefore, there is the need for
• efficient Damage detection strategies
or
• the performance assessment,
• Improved surveillance,
• inspection/testing, and
• maintenance to enhance the
• technical bases for assuring
continued performance, safety and
economy.
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
• And Structural Health

Monitoring is presently being
accepted by many civil
engineering fraternity as
potential method of assessing
the condition of the structure.
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Structural Health
Monitoring and the key
features of a SHM system
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Structural Health Monitoring

• Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is
defined as the process of implementing
an efficient damage detection strategy
for aerospace, civil and mechanical
engineering infrastructures.
• SHM is about assessing the

performance of structures (at any stage)
using a variety of measurement
techniques - Leading to “smart”
structures
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Structural Health Monitoring(contd)

• SHM system is a tool to detect, measure,
and record the field performance of structure,
in terms of the parameters relevant to the
state of structure and its environment, such
as acceleration, displacement, strain,
temperature, and humidity.
• The SHM Program/services had the overall

objectives of providing background data and
information of potential structural degradation
processes or identification and evaluation of
the structural performance .
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Components of SHM
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Components , Hardware and disciplines of SHM system
Components and disciplines involved

Data Power Data Data Data Data
Acquisition Supply Transmissi Storage Processing Interpretati
on and on
Mining
Sensors, DC Battery, Cable / RF Storage Filters, Damage

Actuators AC Wire Transmitter Devices Amplifiers Detection
Sensing Power Communic Storage Signal Health

Technology Technology ation Technology Processing evaluation
Technology Technology Algorithm
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
SHM at any stage of structure

• Design Stage
• Model testing stage
• Construction stage
• Commissioning stage
• In-service
• Maintenance Stage
• Retrofit stage (Before and After)
• Demolition (Before and After)
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Fundamental objectives of civil infrastructure monitoring

(i) modifications to an existing structure,
(ii) monitoring of structures affected by external works,
(iii) monitoring during demolition,
(iv) structures subject to long-term movement or degradation of materials,
(v) feedback loop to improve future design based on experience,
(vi) fatigue assessment,
(vii) novel systems of construction,
(viii) assessment of post-earthquake structural integrity,
(ix) decline in construction and growth in maintenance needs, and
(x) the move towards performance-based design philosophy.
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
SHM System Design: Methodology

Identify the damage or deterioration mechanisms
Categorize influence of deterioration on the mechanical response
• Theoretical and numerical models of structure
Establish characteristic response of key parameters
• Establish sensitivity of each to an appropriate level of deterioration
Select the parameters and define performance index
• Relates changes in response to level of deterioration
Design system
• Selection of sensors, data acquisition and management
• Data interpretation
Install and calibrate SHM system (baseline readings)
Assess field data and adapt system as necessary
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Typical flow pattern

ACQUISITION OF DATA x
Including various types of sensors
and collection of desired data
STORAGE OF RETRIEVAL OF
PROCESSED DATA
COMMUNICATION OF DATA DATA Before or after
Transmission of data from site to Data should always diagnostics
storage/ analysis location be retrievable
DIAGNOSTICS
INTELLIGENT PROCESSING
Cleansing of data of noise and Conversion of new data into structural
extraneous information responses
x
Advanced
Human Technology
Technology
Main categories in SHM

•Stress History Tests
•Behavior Tests •Dynamic Amplification Tests
•Diagnostic Tests •Ambient Tests
•Proof Tests •Pull-back Tests
STATIC DYNAMIC
FIELD FIELD
TESTING TESTING
PERIODIC CONTINUOUS
MONITORING MONITORING
•Field testing •Active monitoring

•Tests to determine changes •Passive Monitoring
in structure
Introduction
• Proper maintenance of any structure to extend its
useful life involves the timely and efficient use of
resources of labor, equipment and material.
• The knowledge of existing condition of bridges and
structures is critical in undertaking such maintenance.
• The application of Nondestructive Testing (NDT)
technologies for assessing the condition of railway
bridges is important to assure safety of train operation
and for optimizing the use of assets.
• NDT techniques are employed to detect internal and
external flaws and discontinuities, to determine the
structure of material, its composition, and its properties,
and to measure the geometric characteristics of an
object or material without affecting its form, fit, or
function. 30
Introduction
• NDT uses physical or chemical means to assist in detection and
characterization of material deficiencies.
• Sound waves, electrical currents, magnetic fields, radiation,
thermal waves, and tracer liquids are directed into and in most
cases, penetrate the material being tested.
• NDT techniques can help assess complete condition of bridges.
For NDT to be successful for bridge evaluation, it should be able
to provide the necessary information in real time, have an
affordable initial and operating cost.
• NDT should complement the visual inspection (VT)
procedures.
– Load tests, strain gauges etc are other methods of inspection/
diagnosis of problems
31
References
• RDSO has published lots of reports on
theory/ methodology of NDT tests
• RDSO also has published the reports of
actual tests done for various railways
– Available in the members’ area in IRICEN
website
• These will give very good guidance as to
which tests to employ and how to
interpret the results
• Mobile bridge testing laboratories
equipped with NDT equipment being
procured for the railways for the bridge
testing
32
ADVANTAGES OF NDT
• Portable, handy, battery operated
and easy to use, available in
different capacities
• Less time consuming and realistic, as
tests are conducted on actual
structures.
• Test can be performed at several
locations and at various ages of
concrete
33
LIMITATIONS OF NDT
The equipment and technique are relatively
new - many of them are yet to be standardized
and accepted.
Most of the equipment are not available
locally and need imports. However, some of
the Indian firms have started their marketing
and after sale service.
Lot of experience and expertise is required for
analysis and proper interpretation of data to
get satisfactory results. 34
LIMITATIONS OF NDT
Contd…..
 It is desirable to develop own calibration
curves for different equipment for getting
good results.
 The results of single NDT equipment,
normally can not be totally relied upon.
It is desirable to use combination of two
or more equipment for getting reliable
results.
35
Importance of NDT for
Concrete Bridges
• The average life span of bridges is
about 70 years and the majority of
bridges currently in use were built
after 1970s.
• However, significant environmental

damage requiring repairs occur,
typically after the bridge reaches
mid-life.
36
Concrete Bridges
 Corrosion, cracking and other
damages affect a bridge's load
carrying capacity. Therefore, all of
the elements that directly affect
performance of the bridge including
the footing, substructure , and
superstructure must be periodically
inspected and monitored.
37
Concrete Bridges
• Fatigue cracking and corrosion will
become increasingly important
considerations as we go beyond the 50
year life expectancy
• Current visual inspection techniques will
not suffice.
• The life extension approach will require
increased use of NDT in a coordinated
effort to obtain reliability assurance for
these structures.
38
NDT METHODS – broad
areas of use
• Strength Assessment of concrete
• Corrosion Assessment
• Mapping of Reinforcing Steel
• Crack Size and Its Growth
– Concrete
– Steel
• Masonry strength
40
CONCRETE
STRENGTH
ASSESSMENT
–Rebound hammer
–Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
–Pull Off Test
–Windsor Probe
41
Rebound Hammer
• It is handy, portable mechanical
equipment not requiring any consumable
• It consists of a spring controlled mass that
slides on a plunger within a tubular
housing.
• When the plunger is pressed against the
surface of the concrete, the spring
controlled mass rebounds.
• The extent of rebound depends upon the
surface hardness of the concrete, which
is related to the compressive strength of
concrete.
42
Rebound Hammer
Contd…..
• The surface to be tested should be
dry, smooth and clean
• The point of impact should be at
least 20 mm away from any edge or
shape discontinuity
• Should be held at right angles to the
surface of the concrete member
43
44
Limitations
• Gives the strength of concrete at
surface only
• On carbonated concrete surface
results will not be accurate
• Internal micro cracking, flaws etc.
cannot be detected.
• Probable accuracy of prediction of
concrete strength is ± 25%
45
Factors affecting rebound
value
• Wetness of the surface
• Surface finish of the concrete
• Inclination of the rebound hammer
• Type of aggregate
• Age of concrete
• Carbonation of concrete
46
Ultrasonic pulse velocity meter
• The velocity of Ultra sonic pulse in a
material depends on its density and
elastic properties,
• Density and elastic property are
related to the quality and the
strength of the material
• Comparatively higher values of pulse
velocity are obtained when concrete
quality is better
47
Ultrasonic pulse velocity meter
• Ultrasonic pulse is produced and
transmitted by a transducer held in
contact with concrete surface
• It travels through a known length in
concrete and is received by second
transducer held in contact with another or
same surface of concrete member
• The travel time of a pulse is measured by
the electronic timing device.
48
Ultrasonic pulse velocity
meter
Contd…..
• The pulse velocity is related with
quality of concrete
• By combining this equipment along
with rebound hammer we can obtain
information about Modulus of
elasticity and, hence, compressive
strength of concrete.
49
meter
Contd…..
• Natural frequency of transducer - 20 to
150 MHz.
• High frequency transducer for short path
lengths and vice-versa
• Provision of adequate acoustical coupling
between transducer and concrete surface
• Max. size of aggregate 20 mm - min. path
length 100 mm.
• Max. size of aggregate (20 to 40) mm -
min. path length 150 mm.
50
meter
Contd…..
• There are three methods
– Direct transmission
– Semi- direct transmission
– Indirect or surface transmission
• Direct transmission method is the
best method.
• Test can be conducted in accordance
with IS 13311(PART I) :1992
51
 Direct transmission method is the best method.
 Test can be conducted in accordance with IS
13311(PART I) :1992 52
meter
Contd…..
Velocity criterion for for concrete

quality grading
Pulse velocity by cross Conc. quality

probing(km./sec.) grading
Above 4.5 Excellent
3.5 to 4.5 Good
3.0 to 3.5 Medium
Below 3.0 Doubtful 53
Testing Method
54
Factors affecting pulse
velocity
• Mix proportion
• Moisture content
• Concrete temperature
• Degree of coupling
• Presence of reinforcement
• Age of concrete
• Stress level in concrete
55
Pull Off Tests
• Two types, measures force required to pull
out:
– Metal disc glued to the surface
• The compressive strength of concrete
• Tensile strength of in situ concrete
• The adhesive strength of all kinds of applied coatings
• The bond strength of repairs and renovation works on
concrete surfaces
– Insert cast in concrete
• In situ strength of concrete
57
PULL OFF TESTER
Tensile strength Adhesion Tensile strength

of concrete strength of overlay
58
PULL OFF TESTER
59
PULL OFF TESTER
A 50 mm diameter steel plate is glued to

the surface of the concrete using epoxy
resin adhesive. Partial coring is necessary
to perform the test. The glued disc is
pulled off together with a layer of concrete
using a calibrated hydraulic or mechanical
pulling device.
60
Pull Out Test
• Measures the force needed to extract
an embedded insert from a concrete
mass.
62
NDT – CAPO
•Cut And Pull-Out-test - Measuring
Concept
•A special designed expansion bolt is placed
in hole drilled in structure and hole is
under-reamed
•Expanding ring at the end is then pulled
out.
•A certain fracture geometry (cone) is
achieved.
•The pull out force is correlated to the
compression strength of the concrete.
63
NDT – CAPO
Benefits:
• Fast and relative precise estimation
of the compression strength (on site
results).
• Early development of concrete
strength can be followed.
• Less repair work compared to
drilling out concrete cores for
laboratory testing.
• Compression strength (condition /
durability) in the surface layer.
• Possible method for heavy
reinforced structures. 64
Windsor probe
• Based on principle of penetration
resistance of probe into concrete
being inversely proportional to the
compressive strength of concrete
• The equipment consists of a power
activated gun or driver unit,
hardened alloy probes, loaded
cartridges and a measuring
instrument such as depth gauge
65
WINDSOR PROBE
Contd…..
The probes are generally 6.35 mm in

diameter and 79.5 mm in length.
The driver is used to fire a probe
into the concrete at the test locations
by a standardised power cartridge
Penetration of the probe is directly
related to the compressive strength
of the concrete.
66
67
68
LIMITATIONS
• Can be used to determine relative
strength
– Does not give absolute values of
strength
• Gives strength upto 75 mm below
the surface
• Damage to the structure locally
• Requirement of min. edge distance,
probe spacing and member thickness
to be followed.
69
CORE TEST
• Direct measurement method
– Partially destructive test
– Most reliable for compressive strength
of concrete
– For big size members
– Core dia 100-150mm
– Ref IS 516-1959,IS 456-2000, IS 1199-
1959
70
Corrosion
Assessment
–Resistivity Meter
–Half Cell potentiometer
–Spraying Indicator
71
RESISTIVITY METER
Measures the electrical resistance of the

cover concrete
The corrosion of steel in concrete is an
electro chemical process
 The lower the electric resistance, the
more readily the corrosion current flows
through the concrete and greater is the
probability of corrosion.
72
73
Resistivity Meter Testing
74
RESISTIVITY METER
The limits of possible corrosion are

related with resistivity as under
Resistance Probability of
corrosion
>= 12 k cm. Improbable
= 8 to 12 k cm. Possible
<=8 k cm. Fairly certain
75
Half Cell Potentiometer
• Used for detecting the likelihood of

corrosion of steel
• Normally, copper – copper sulphate /
silver – silver nitrate reference
electrodes (HALF CELL) are used for
measuring the potential gradient.
• The rein. act as electrode and
surrounding concrete acts as electrolyte
and together these two works as HALF
CELL.
76
• The equipment consists of a half cell,

voltmeter and electrical lead wires.
• One terminal of the voltmeter is connected
to rein. and other terminal is connected to
ref. Electrode (connected to surface)
• The higher the potential gradient , more is
the probability of corrosion.
77
78
The potential gradient obtained can be
interpreted as given below
Phase of corrosion As measured by
activity Copper half Silver half
cell cell
No corrosion <-200 mV <-500 mV
Corrosion uncertain -200 mV to -500 Mv
-350 mV to-700
mV
79
Corrosion positive >-350 mV >-700 mV
80
NDT – Spraying Indicators
•Carbonation causes a sharp
drop in pH from more than
12 to less than 9.
12 •In moist conditions (RH
>60%) areas with pH<9 will
pH corrode
9
Concrete cover
•Carbonation depth
increases with time and the
rate of carbonation can be
predicted
carbonated un-carbonated
•Spray 0.2% solution of
phenolphthalein in
carbonation depth
ethanol on freshly exposed
concrete surface
81
NDT – Spraying Indicators
• Cheap and very
fast method
• On-site evaluation
of concrete quality
• Depth of
carbonation
indicated by no
change in color
82
NDT – Chloride Content
• Chloride content -
– Holes are drilled in a
concrete structure
– The drilling dust from
different depths is
collected
– The dust and thereby the
chlorides are dissolved in a
solution
– The Chloride content can be
found by measuring the
potential of the solution 83
REINFORCEMENT
MAPPING
–Micro-covermeter
–Profometer
84
MICRO-COVERMETER
 It is a portable, battery operated equipment
used for measuring the concrete cover and
location of the steel reinforcement embedded
in concrete .
The equipment is based on the principle that

the presence of steel affects the
electromagnetic field .
The equipment consists of U-shape magnetic

core on which two coils are mounted. 85
MICRO-COVERMETER
 The equipment is also available with

sufficient memory to store the test data.
 Guide lines on use of Micro-covermeter

(Report No BS–42) is already issued by
RDSO
86
87
PROFOMETER
 It is a portable, battery operated equipment having
graphical display used for measuring the depth of
cover concrete, location and size of the steel
reinforcement embedded in concrete .
 The equipment is based on the principle that the
presence of steel affects the electromagnetic field .
 It consists of data logger, diameter probe and depth
probe and calibration rod.
 The equipment is available with sufficient memory to
store the scanned data. The equipment is useful for
investigating the structures where drawings are not88
available.
89
Crack Detection
and Monitoring
–Crack detection microscope
–MPT
–DPT
–Radiography
–Acoustic Emission
–Boroscope 90
CRACK DETECTION
MICROSCOPE
Used for crack width measurement of

concrete member, masonry and steel
structures
91
Specification (typical)
Magnification = x35
Measuring Range = 4 mm
Divisions = 0.02mm
Weight including battery and
box = 560 g
Dimensions of box = 150 x
100 x 50mm deep
93
Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT)
Principle:
• A pole where a magnetic line of force exits is called a
north pole and where it enters is called a south pole.
• The magnetic field spreads out when it encounters the
small air created by the crack.
• When the field spreads out, it appears to leak out of
material and, thus it is called flux leakage field.
• If iron particles are sprinkled on a cracked surface, the
particles will be attracted to and cluster not only at poles
at the ends of the magnet but also at the poles at the
edges of the crack.
• This cluster of particles is much easier to see than the
actual crack and this is the basis for magnetic particle
inspection.
94
Magnetic Lines of Force Flux Leakage from Crack
Clustered Iron Particles 95

Portable Magnetic Particle Kit Portable Yoke with Battery Pack
Magnetic Particles (Iron or Iron Oxide)

96
Wet Particle Inspection
Dry Particle Inspection
97
Dye Penetrant Testing (DPT)
Basics:
• The object is coated coated with a solution that
contains a visible or fluorescent dye.
– Penetrates the cracks
• Excess solution is then removed from the surface
of the object but is left in the cracks.
• A developer is then applied to draw the penetrant
out of the cracks.
– With fluorescent dyes, ultraviolet light ids used to make
the bleed out fluoresce brightly.
– With visible dyes, vivid color contrasts between the
penetrant and developer make “bleedout” easy to see.
98
Advantages:
• The method is highly sensitive to small
surface discontinuities.
• Metallic and nonmetallic, magnetic and
nonmagnetic, conductive and nonconductive
materials can be inspected.
• Large areas can be inspected rapidly and at
low cost and with ease
– Aerosol spray makes cans make penetrant
material very portable.
– Penetrant materials and associated equipment are
relatively inexpensive. 99
Disadvantages:
• Only surface breaking defects can be detected.
• Pre-cleaning is critical as contaminants can
mask defects.
• The inspector must have direct access to
surface being inspected.
• Surface finish and roughness can affect
inspection sensitivity.
• Post cleaning of acceptable parts is required.
100
101
Observing Crack in Test Observing Flaw under

Material under Daylight Ultraviolet Light
102
Crack in Girder Top Flange

Crack in a Truss Hanger
Angle
103
Use of DPT and MPT
• For cracks in welded girders,
• Para 219 (1)(c) of IRBM,
– Non destructive inspection methods like
dye penetration test, ultrasonic test etc.
as found necessary may be adopted.
– Magnetic particle testing can also be
used
– Ultrasonic testing not so popular
104
Radiographic Testing
• RT involves the use of penetrating gamma- or X-
radiation to examine material’s and products defects
and internal features.
• An X-ray machine or radioactive isotope is used as
source of radiation.
• Radiation is directed through a part and onto film or
other media. The resulting shadowgraph shows the
internal features and soundness of the part.
• Material thickness and density changes are indicated
as lighter or darker areas on the film.
• Used for butt welds during fabrication of girders
105
Radiographic Testing (RT)
Portable Radiographic Unit
Radiographic Film Reviewer

106
ACOUSTIC EMISSION
• Acoustic emission technique is a recent
development to monitor the health of
bridges
• It can detect location of cracks at an early
stage and can monitor the crack growth.
• Effective method for steel, in development
stage for concrete
• BS – 51 : Guidelines on use of Acoustic
Emission Technique
• Useful for steel as well as concrete
structures
107
What Is Acoustic Emission ?
• Elastic waves are generated inside the material,
whenever there is breakage of atomic bonds.
• Elastic waves are also generated due to rubbing /
clattering of two surfaces or rattling of loose bolts
/ rivets.
• All these types of waves are called acoustic
emission.
• The emission intensity is approx. equal to the
energy released in a pencil lead break.
• Ferrous materials, Brittle materials generate AE
• But all materials do not generate AE like copper
108
Why Material Emit AE ?
• When a micro crack in a material elongates, work
hardening of the crack tip takes place
• This work hardening increases the strength at tip and
material takes more load without further cracking (Kaizer
effect)
• When load further increases, work hardened brittle tip
ruptures, This sudden rupture generates AE. This AE
frequency in steel is between 250 KHz to 500 KHz with pre-
dominance at around 375 KHz.
• This AE is different than AE generated due to other sources
like rattling/rubbing
• AE testing is basically to filter out this emission from other
emissions called noises
109
Old Yammuna Bridge at Delhi
110
Transducer
111
Acoustic Emission (AE)
Advantages:
• Monitors response of complete structure under applied loads.
• Identifies material degradation as function of load in real time.
Detects incipient cracks as well as the growth of crack.
• Combined with structural analysis, stress measurement and fracture
mechanics, helps make decisions for structural repairs and
replacements.
• Provides continuous monitoring of structures.
Limitations:
• The defect must generate its own signal I.e. AE activates under
load.
• The separation of relevant flaw related acoustic emission signals
from the background noise (acoustic noise from material generated
either electrically or mechanically which interferes with the signals of
interest) is somewhat difficult. 112
• It cannot be used for finding the size of cracks or mapping.

Boroscope
Boroscope - Measuring Concept

– The tip of the instrument is inserted
into a hole or otherwise inaccessible
areas
– Images or video-clips are recorded
Typical Applications
– Investigation of the inside of closed
box girders
– Detection of corrosion
113
Boroscope
Three Typical Designs of
Optical Boroscopes
(a) A rigid borer with a
lamp at distal end.
(b) A flexible fiberscope
with a light source.
(c) A rigid boroscope with a
light guide bundle in the
shaft.
114
Masonry Testing
–Flat jack testing
115
Flat jack testing
• A flat jack is a flexible steel envelope, thin
enough to fit within a masonry mortar joint.
– During testing, the flat jack is hydraulically pressurized
and applies stress to the surrounding masonry.
• The in situ stress test works on basic principle of
stress relief,
– When mortar is removed from a joint, compressive
stress within the masonry forces the slot thus formed to
close by a small amount.
– A flat jack is inserted into the slot and pressurized to
restore the slot to its original opening dimension.
– The pressure at which the original opening is restored is
adjusted by the flat jack calibration constant, providing
a measure of the in situ masonry compressive stress.
116
GUIDELINES ISSUED
• BS – 103: Guidelines On Non-

destructive Testing Of Bridges
• BS – 42 :Guidelines for use of micro cover
meter
• BS – 50 : Guidelines on use of Profometer
• BS – 51 : Guidelines on use of Acoustic
Emission Technique
• BS – 52 : Guidelines for use of Corrosion
Monitoring Equipments
• BS – 53 : Guidelines on use of Ultrasonic
Instruments for monitoring of Concrete
Structures
117
PAMBAN BRIDGE
Bridge No:346 – Important bridge - span 145x12.20m (Steel deck type girder) + 1x65.23m
(Scherzer span-excluding track girder) at km: 655 / 200 – 657 / 200 in MNM-RMM section
across Pamban creek
SALIENT FEATURES OF PAMBAN BRIDGE
 Construction of the Bidge started – June-1911- decision taken 25.11.1908 at
Dhaniskodi
Construction of the bridge completed- July-1913.
Scherzer span work started on July-1913.
Scherzer span work completed on – Dec-1913 (12’ cylinder & 9’ cylinder
having Kingpost.
Pamban Bridge traffic started on Feb-1914.
PSC girder 40no.s introduced on 1960
Severe cyclone in Dec 1964, steel girder 105 no.s, PSC girder 21no.s washed
away girder with Pier 107 & 101.
Restoration work of the Bridge completed on 03/1905.
 Welded girders introduced on 1987

 Scherzer span floor system renewal on 1998.
 Conversion of BG started on March 2006
 MG closed and traffic block for scherzer span strengthening from Aug 2006
 98 existing MG girders re-braced to BG girders.
* 28 girders (phase-I) programmed Regirdering, Agency fixed and
awaiting for new girders from EWS/AJJ.
* 32 girders (phase-II) proposed in PWP 2015-16.
* Remaining 38 girder (phase-III) to be propose PWP 2016-17.
 47 existing MG girder replaced with new metallised girders.

 Scherzer span Floor system lowered by 543mm for AC-3 Tier movement
 Opening of Scherzer span for Ship movement max 80 o.
 BG conversion of the Bridge completed on May 2007 and commissioned on 14
Aug 2007.
 Dead man Anchorage member erected for additional anchor aging for BG on
2010.
 Pier No. 121 damaged by barge and the same substructure has been
reconstructed vide CBE plan No. BC.2/2013 and tracing no. C.4881 during
May 2013.
 Urgent Strengthening of Scherzer span for corroded member done during
March 2014 by Retrofitting method.
COMPLETE STRUCTURAL TESTING SYSTEM
Apart from routine inspection, with the supplied sophisticated system of

instrument “Complete Structural Testing System,” the practice of Data acquisition
in identified critical truss members of Scherzer Rolling Lift Span is a very good &
fruitful exercise.
The data is comparable due to defined locations in the identified
members with the same type of locos & formation as this section is having only
Passenger services and any changes in micro strain can be easily watched at the
site itself.
In Scherzer span of Pamban Bridge, 14 strain transducers (7 numbers in
each leaf) had been fixed in the truss members connected with the nodes (4
numbers) by wires and the same is then connected with base station which is kept
in the Bridge Operator’s Cabin thro’ Wi-Fi and monitored by the system
Strain
Sl.No Location
Transducer No
Pamban leaf - North side
1 U4 – U5 2834
2 L4 – U5 2840
3 L5 – U5 2835
4 L6 – U5 2841
Pamban leaf – South side
5 L4 – U5 2844
6 L5 – U5 2839
7 L6 – U5 2845
Mandapam leaf – North side
8 U4 – U5 2846
9 L4 – U5 2838
10 L5 – U5 2843
11 L6 – U5 2833
Mandapam leaf – South side
12 L4 – U5 2837
13 L5 – U5 2836
14 L6 – U5 2842
Date of testing
1)05/05/2014, 06/05/2014 & 07/05/2014 - During CBE Inspection
2)19/01/2015, 20/01/2015 & 21/0/2015 - During Advisor/Bridges/Rly. Board
Inspection.
Testing done with one WDM2 loco alone & also with MDU-RMM
Passenger- WDM2 +10 Coaches.
As the permissible speed is 15km/h, it is giving good results for data acquisition.
The same practice can be extended for other critical members, other bridges and
also for checking the camber/deflection in steel/PSC girders by fixing LVDT.

Stress calculations using micro strain reading as on 07.5.2014
Micro
strain= Micro Permissible
Member strain Actual Stress
strainx10-6 stress (kg/cm2) COMPRESSION/
(Actual) (kg/cm2) TENSION
L6-U5 MMM END 100 0.0001 200 1540 TENSION

L6-U5 PBM END 160 0.00016 320 1540 TENSION
L4-U5 MMM END 270 0.00027 540 1420.1 COMPRESSION
L4-U5 PBM END 200 0.0002 400 1420.1 COMPRESSION
Stress calculations using micro strain reading as on 19.1.2015

Micro
strain= Micro Permissible
Member strain Actual Stress
strainx10-6 stress (kg/cm2) COMPRESSION/
(Actual) (kg/cm2) TENSION

L4-U5 MMM END 230 0.00023 460 1420.1 COMPRESSION
L4-U5 PBM END 180 0.00018 360 1420.1 COMPRESSION
NDT TESTING OF PAMBAN BRIDGE USING COMPLETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
MMM END - L6-U5 (SOUTH 2842 & NORTH 2833 STRENGTHNED)
PBM END - L6-U5 (SOUTH 2845 & NORTH 2841)

MMM END – L4-U5 (SOUTH 2837 STRENGTHNED & NORTH 2846 STRENGTHNED)
PBM END – L4-U5 DIAGONAL

(SOUTH 2844 & NORTH 2840 STRENGHTNED)
MMM END – L5-U5 VERTICAL

(SOUTH 2836 & NORTH 2843 STRENGTHENED)
PBM END – L5-U5 VERTICAL

(SOUTH 2839 & NORTH 2835 STRENGTHENED)
Abstract of Stress Calculation using micro strain reading as on 07.05.2014.
Stress Calculation using micro strain reading as on 19.01.2015.
Micro
Strain = Micro Actual stress Permissible stress
Member strain
strain *10-6 (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
(Actual)
L6 –U5 MMM END 130 0.00013 260 1540 Tensile
L6 –U5 PBM END 170 0.00017 340 1540 Tensile
L4 –U5 MMM END 230 0.00023 460 1420 Comp
L4 –U5 PBM END 180 0.00018 360 1420 Comp
Micro
Strain = Micro Actual stress Permissible stress
Member strain
strain *10-6 (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
(Actual)
L6 –U5 PBM END 160 0.00016 320 1540 Tensile
L4 –U5 MMM END 270 0.00027 540 1420 Comp
L4 –U5 PBM END 200 0.0002 400 1420 Comp
Advisor/Bridges/Railway Board elaborating the applications of CSTS at Pamban Bridge
LOCATION OF STRAIN GAUGES & NODES

Bridge Health Monitoring System

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Bridge Health Monitoring System

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Bridge on NH - 4

Goals of this presentation

The need for Structural Health

To describe the key features of a

To provide an overview of Savcor

To discuss few benefits of SHM

The need for Structural

The need for SHM

The recent development in the

Construction technology (Rapid construction),

Material quality (Strength, Performance, etc…)

Modern complex design (complex geometry,

The need for SHM (contd)

The need for SHM (contd)

• These with other factors can cause

The need for SHM (contd)

The need for SHM (contd)

Condition Rating Probability of failure

• bridge opened to traffic in 1967 ?

–bridge collapsed 2 years after evaluation ! 0 Failed 1 ?

Example: Performance Assessment

Same bridges rated by different inspectors :

Failure over which Man had control over it..

The need for SHM (contd)

On-demand, cost effective and scalable

The need for SHM (contd)

General Factors leading to the

Consequences Problems become apparent

Result Repair costs become comparable to

General Factors leading to the

Factor #2: Overall deterioration and/or aging

Consequences Various detrimental effects on

Result Need for repair, rehabilitation,

General Factors leading to the

Factor #3: Increased loads or design

Consequences Increased deterioration due to

Result Structures deemed unsafe or

The need for SHM (contd)

The need for SHM (contd)

The need for SHM (contd)

• And Structural Health

Structural Health Monitoring

• SHM is about assessing the

Structural Health Monitoring(contd)

• The SHM Program/services had the overall

Components , Hardware and disciplines of SHM system

Components and disciplines involved

Sensors, DC Battery, Cable / RF Storage Filters, Damage

Sensing Power Communic Storage Signal Health

SHM at any stage of structure

Fundamental objectives of civil infrastructure monitoring

SHM System Design: Methodology

Typical flow pattern

Main categories in SHM

•Field testing •Active monitoring

• However, significant environmental

Velocity criterion for for concrete

Pulse velocity by cross Conc. quality

Tensile strength Adhesion Tensile strength

A 50 mm diameter steel plate is glued to

The probes are generally 6.35 mm in

Measures the electrical resistance of the

The limits of possible corrosion are

• Used for detecting the likelihood of