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Asynchronous Transfer
Mode
Networks: ATM 1
Issues Driving LAN Changes
• Traffic Integration
– Voice, video and data traffic
– Multimedia became the ‘buzz word’
• One-way batch Web traffic
• Two-way batchvoice messages
• One-way interactive Mbone broadcasts
• Two-way interactive video conferencing
• Quality of Service guarantees (e.g. limited jitter,
non-blocking streams)
• LAN Interoperability
• Mobile and Wireless nodes
Networks: ATM 2
Stallings “High-Speed Networks”
Networks: ATM 3
Stallings “High-Speed Networks”
Networks: ATM 4
Voice
A/D AAL
s1, s2 … cells
Digital voice samples
Video
Data AAL
Bursty variable-length cells
packets
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.3
Networks: ATM 5
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Voice
Data
packets MUX
Wasted bandwidth
Images
TDM
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
ATM `
4 3 1 3 2 2 1
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 7.37
Networks: ATM 6
ATM
• ATM standard (defined by CCITT) is widely
accepted by common carriers as mode of operation
for communication – particularly BISDN.
• ATM is a form of cell switching using small fixed-
sized packets.
5 Bytes 48 Bytes
Header Payload
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.1
Networks: ATM 7
ATM Conceptual Model
Four Assumptions
1. ATM network will be organized as a hierarchy.
User’s equipment connects to networks via a UNI
(User-Network Interface).
Connections between provided networks are made
through NNI (Network-Network Interface).
1. ATM will be connection-oriented.
A connection (an ATM channel) must be established
before any cells are sent.
Networks: ATM 8
Private ATM
network
Private
UNI
X X
Private
N I
NNI
cU Public ATM
X bli
Pu network A
X X
NNI
Public X
UNI
B-ICI Public ATM
network B
X
Public
UNI
X X
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Figure 9.5
Networks: ATM 9
ATM Connections
Networks: ATM 10
ATM Virtual Connections
Virtual Paths
Physical Link
Virtual Channels
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 7.40
Networks: ATM 11
ATM Conceptual Model
Assumptions (cont.)
Networks: ATM 12
UNI Cell Format
HEC (8 bits)
Payload
(48 bytes)
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.7
Networks: ATM 13
ATM Cell Switching
1
Switch voice 67 1
…
video 67 2
video 25 25 N 75
5 voice 32
32 1 67 data 39 3
32 3 39
6 data 32 video 61
…
61 2 67
…
N video 75 N
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 7.38
Networks: ATM 14
VP3 a
VP5
a
b ATM ATM
c ATM ATM b
Sw DCC Sw Sw c
d 1 2 3
e
VP2
VP1
ATM d
Sw = switch Sw e
4
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 7.39
Networks: ATM 15
ATM Protocol Architecture
• ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) – the protocol
for packaging data into cells is collectively
referred to as AAL.
• Must efficiently package higher level data
such as voice samples, video frames and
datagram packets into a series of cells.
Design Issue: How many adaptation layers
should there be?
Networks: ATM 16
Management plane
Plane management
Control plane User plane
Layer management
Higher layers Higher layers
ATM layer
Physical layer
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Figure 9.2
Networks: ATM 17
User User
information information
AAL AAL
…
End system Network End system
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.4
Networks: ATM 18
Original ATM Architecture
• CCITT envisioned four classes of
applications (A-D) requiring four distinct
adaptation layers (1-4) which would be
optimized for an application class:
A. Constant bit-rate applications CBR
B. Variable bit-rate applications VBR
C. Connection-oriented data applications
D. Connectionless data application
Networks: ATM 19
ATM Architecture
An AAL is further divided into:
Networks: ATM 20
Original ATM Architecture
Networks: ATM 21
ATM layer
Transmission
convergence
sublayer
Physical layer
Physical medium
dependent sublayer
Physical
medium
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.6
Networks: ATM 22
Original ATM Architecture
• The AAL interface was initially defined as classes A-D
with SAP (service access points) for AAL1-4.
• AAL3 and AAL4 were so similar that they were
merged into AAL3/4.
• The data communications community concluded that
AAL3/4 was not suitable for data communications
applications. They pushed for standardization of AAL5
(also referred to as SEAL – the Simple and Efficient
Adaptation Layer).
• AAL2 was not initially deployed.
Networks: ATM 23
Revised ATM Architecture
Networks: ATM 24
Revised ATM Service Categories
Class Description Example
Networks: ATM 25
QoS, PVC, and SVC
• Quality of Service (QoS) requirements are
handled at connection time and viewed as
part of signaling.
• ATM provides permanent virtual connections
and switched virtual connections.
– Permanent Virtual Connections (PVC)
permanent connections set up manually
by network manager.
– Switched Virtual Connections (SVC)
set up and released on demand by the end
user via signaling procedures.
Networks: ATM 26
AAL 1 Payload
47 Bytes
AAL 1
Pointer
1 Byte 46 Bytes
optional
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.11
Networks: ATM 27
AAL 1
Convergence CS PDUs
sublayer
47 47 47
SAR PDUs
SAR sublayer H H H
1 47 1 47 1 47
H H ATM Cells
ATM layer H
5 48 5 48 5 48
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.10
Networks: ATM 28
AAL 3/4
CS and SAR PDUs
(a) CPCS-PDU format
Header Trailer
1 1 2 1 - 65,535 0-3 1 1 2
(bytes) (bytes) (bytes)
2 4 10 44 6 10
(bits) (bytes)
(bits) Figure 9.16
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Networks: ATM 29
AAL 3/4
Higher layer
Information User message
Service specific
convergence Assume null
sublayer
Common part H
Pad message to multiple
Information PAD T
convergence of 4 bytes. Add header
4 4 and trailer.
sublayer
ATM layer …
Figure 9.15
Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Networks: ATM 30
AAL 5
0 - 65,535 0-47 1 1 2 4
(bytes) (bytes)
SAR Format
ATM
Header 48 bytes of Data
Networks: ATM 31
AAL 5
Information
Higher layer
Service specific
convergence
sublayer Assume null
Common part
Information PAD T
convergence
sublayer
SAR sublayer …
48 48 48
(0) (0) (1)
Figure 9.18
PTI = 1
PTI = 0 PTI = 0
Networks: ATM 32
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks