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F ma
xyz
Y: ay
Fy p yxz Psxs sin 2
xyz xyz
F z p z xy p z xs cos
2
az Z:
2
az
y s cos ; z s sin
y
y : p y p s a y
2
z
z : p z p s ( a z )
2
p2 z1
p1
dp γ z2
dz p1 p2 γ ( z2 z1 ) γ h
Hydrostatic Distribution p1 γ h p2 *see Fig. 2.2
p1 p 2
h pressure head
Ex: 10 psi p1 p 2 h 23.1 ft or 518mmHg
p γ h p0
( 62.4 lb 2 ) ( 133 KN 3 )
ft m
Pressure in a homogeneous, incompressible fluid at rest: ~ reference level,
indep. of size or shape of the container.
The required equality of pressures at equal elevations
Throughout a system. F2 A2 F1 ( Fig . 2.5)
A1
Transmission of fluid pressure
Troposphere: T Ta β z Ta @ z 0
0.0065 K β lapose rate
m β z g Rβ
0.00357 R p pa ( 1 )
ft Ta
2.5 Measurement of Pressure
See Fig. 2.7
Absolute &
Gage pressure
patm γ h pvapor
(Mercury barometer)
N
Example 2.3 pa 2 ( pascal )
m
2.6 Manometry
1. Piezometer Tube: 1. p p 2. h is reasonable
a 1
p pa不大 3. liquid, not a gas
Δ u , Δ p , Δ p p A pB
Q( the volume rate of the flow ) k p A pB
p A γ 1h1 γ 2 h2 γ 1 ( h1 h2 ) pB
p A pB h2 ( γ 2 γ 1 )
FR pA
d Ri 2ld R0
Ri2l 02 d 2Ri l
Ri w
Assume velocity distribution in the gap is linear
R0 Ri
2Ri3lw
R0 Ri
dF hdA
FR hdA y sin dA
A A
if , are constants.
FR sin ydA
A
b. M c 0 (shaft ; water)
M FR ( y R yc ) 1.01105 N m
2.9 Pressure Prism
the pressure varies linearly with depth. See Fig. 2.19
h
FR PAve A ( ) A
2
FR volume of pressure prism
1 h
(h)(bh) A
2 2
No matter what the shape of the pressure prism is, the resultant
force is still equal in magnitude to the volume of the pressure
Prism, and it passes through the centroid of the volume.
dp
First, draw the pressure prism out.
p z p0 dz
Example 2.8
lb π × 3 2 2
See Fig. 2.18
ω = γ∀ = ρg∀ = 62.4 3 × ft ×1ft
ft 4
= 441lb at C.G
(Centroid; center of pressure, CP; center of gravity)
1 4
I×C 3 × 3
y R = yC + = ft + 12 ft
yc A 2 3
× 32
2
= 2ft
Similarly x R ≈ 1.27ft
4R 4×3
= = 1.27 ft
3π 3× π
∴ F1 = FH = 281lb ; FV = ω = 441lb ; F2 = 0
∴ FR = FH2 + FV2 = 523lb
FH -1 FH
tan θ = ⇒θ = tan = 32.5°
FV FV
2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
2.11.1 阿基米德原理
請看圖2.24, 來分析其受力情形
FB V 任意形狀的物體之體積
2.11.2 Stability
stable equilibrium