Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition: Your Interactive Guide To The Digital World

Discovering Computers
Fundamentals,
2012 Edition
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Objectives Overview
Discuss the importance of

project management,
feasibility assessment, Discuss the purpose of each
documentation, and data system development phase
and information gathering
techniques
Identify the benefits of

Differentiate between low-
object-oriented
level languages and
programming languages and
procedural languages
program development tools
See Page 417 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 2

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
Objectives Overview
List other programming

languages and other Describe various ways
program development to develop Web pages
tools
Explain the basic

control structures used
List the six program
in designing solutions
development steps
to programming
problems
See Page 417 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 3
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
System Development
System development is a set of activities

used to build an information system
An information
system (IS) is a System development
A system is a set of collection of activities are grouped
components that hardware, software, into phases, and is
interact to achieve a data, people, and called the system
common goal procedures that work development life
together to produce cycle (SDLC)
quality information
Page 418 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 4

Chapter 11
System Development

Figure 11-1 Chapter 11
System Development
• System development should follow three general

guidelines:
Group activities or tasks into phases
Involve users
Define standards

Chapter 11
System Development
• System development should involve representatives from each

department in which the proposed system will be used

System Development
• Project management is the process of planning,

scheduling, and then controlling the activities during
system development
• To plan and schedule a project efficiently, the project
leader identifies:
Required Time estimates
Project scope
activities for each activity
Activities that
Cost estimates Order of
can take place at
for each activity activities
the same time
Chapter 11
System Development
A popular tool
used to plan
and schedule
the time
relationships
among project
activities is a
Gantt chart
Pages 420 - 421 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 9

Figure 11-3a Chapter 11
System Development
A PERT chart
also can be
used for
planning and
scheduling time

Figure 11-3b Chapter 11
System Development
• Feasibility is a measure of how suitable the

development of a system will be to the
organization
Operational Schedule Technical Economic

feasibility feasibility feasibility feasibility

Chapter 11
System Development
• Documentation is the collection and

summarization of data and information and
includes:
– Reports
– Diagrams
– Programs
– Other information generated during system
development

Chapter 11
System Development
• During system development, members of the project

team gather data and information using several
techniques
Review
Observe Survey
documentation
Interview JAD Sessions Research

System Development
A user may request a new or modified system
Organizations may want to improve hardware, software, or other

technology
Situations beyond an organization’s control might require a change
Management might mandate a change
A user may request a new or modified information system using a request

for system services or a project request

Chapter 11
System Development

System Development
• The planning phase for a project begins when the

steering committee receives a project request
• Four major activities are performed:
Review and Form a project

Prioritize the
approve the Allocate resources development
project requests
project requests team

Chapter 11
System Development
• The analysis phase consists of two major

activities:
Conduct a preliminary Perform detailed
investigation analysis
• Determines and • Study how the current
defines the exact system works
nature of the problem • Determine the users’
or improvement wants, needs, and
• Interview the user who requirements
submitted the request • Recommend a solution

Chapter 11
System Development

System Development
• The system proposal assesses the feasibility of

each alternative solution
• The steering committee discusses the system
proposal and decides which alternative to pursue
Packaged Custom
Outsourcing
software software

Chapter 11
System Development
• The design phase consists of two major activities
Develop all of the details of

Acquire hardware and
the new or modified
software
information system

Chapter 11
System Development
• To acquire the necessary hardware and software:
Solicit vendor
Make a decision
• Use research proposals • Various techniques
techniques such as e- are used to
zines • RFQ, RFP, or RFI is determine the best • Systems analyst
sent to potential proposal makes
vendors or VARs recommendation to
steering committee
Identify technical Test and evaluate
specifications vendor proposals

Chapter 11
System Development
• The next step is to develop detailed design

specifications
– Sometimes called a physical design
Input and output

Database design Program design
design

Chapter 11
System Development
• Systems analysts typically develop two types of

designs for each input and output
Mockup Layout chart

Figures 11-8 – 11-9 Chapter 11
System Development
• A prototype (proof of concept) is a working model

of the proposed system
– Prototypes have inadequate or missing documentation
– Users tend to embrace the prototype as a final system
– Should not eliminate or replace activities

Chapter 11
System Development
• Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)

tools are designed to support one or more
activities of system development

System Development
• The purpose of the implementation phase is to

construct the new or modified system and then
deliver it
Install and test

Develop Convert to the
the new Train users
programs new system
system

Chapter 11
System Development
• Various tests should be performed on the new

system
Integration Acceptance
Unit test Systems test
test test
• Verifies that • Verifies that • Verifies that • Checks the
each all programs an new system
individual in an application to ensure
program or application works with that it works
object works work other with actual
by itself together applications data
properly

Chapter 11
System Development
• Training involves showing users exactly how they

will use the new hardware and software in the
system
– One-on-one sessions
– Classroom-style lectures
– Web-based training

System Development
• One or more of four conversion strategies can be

used to change from the old system to the new
system
– Direct conversion
– Parallel conversion
– Phased conversion
– Pilot conversion

Chapter 11
System Development
• The purpose of the operation, support, and

security phase is to provide ongoing assistance for
an information system and its users after the
system is implemented
Perform
Monitor system Assess system
maintenance
performance security
activities

Chapter 11
System Development
• A computer security plan should do the following:
For each risk,

Identify all identify the
Identify all
security risks safeguards that
information
that may cause exist to detect,
assets of an
an information prevent, and
organization
asset loss recover from a
loss

Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• A computer program is a series of instructions
that directs a computer to perform tasks
– Created by a programmer using a programming
language

Development Tools
• Machine language is the
first generation of
programming languages
• Only language the
computer directly
recognizes

Development Tools
• Assembly language is the
second generation of
programming languages
• Programmer writes
instructions using
symbolic instruction
codes
• A source program
contains the code to be
converted to machine
language

Development Tools
• In a procedural language, the programmer writes
instructions that tell the computer what to
accomplish and how to do it
– Third-generation language (3GL)
A compiler
translates an entire
program before An interpreter converts
executing it and executes one code
statement at a time

Chapter 11
Development Tools
Pages 438 – 439 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 36

Development Tools
• The C programming language is used to write
many of today’s programs

Development Tools
• COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) is
designed for business applications, but easy to
read because of the English-like statements

Development Tools
• An object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows
programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing
objects
• Other advantages include:
Programmers
Objects can be
create applications
reused
faster
Most program
Work well in a
development tools
RAD environment
are IDEs
Chapter 11
Development Tools
• Java is an object-oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems
• The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert the bytecode
into machine-dependent code

Development Tools
• The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any
type of program to run on the Internet or an
internal business network, as well as computers
and mobile devices

Chapter 11
Development Tools
• C++ is an extension of the C programming
language
– Additional features for working with objects, classes,
events, and other object-oriented concepts
• C# is based on C++ and was developed by
Microsoft
• C# combines the benefits of an object-oriented
language with the benefits of a functional
language
Chapter 11
Development Tools
Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of

program development tools
Visual C# combines
Visual Basic is the programming
based on the BASIC Visual C++ is based elements of C++
programming on C++ with an easier,
language rapid-development
environment

Chapter 11
Development Tools
Pages 442 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 44

Development Tools
A visual programming language is a language that

uses a visual or graphical interface for creating all
source code
Borland’s Delphi is a powerful program

development tool that is ideal for building large-
scale enterprise and Web applications in a RAD
environment
Chapter 11
Development Tools
• PowerBuilder is a powerful program development
RAD tool
• Best suited for Web-based, .NET, and large-scale
enterprise object-oriented applications

Chapter 11
Development Tools
• A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables users and
programmers to access data in a database
– One popular 4GL is SQL

Development Tools
• Classic programming languages include:
Ada ALGOL APL BASIC
Forth FORTRAN HyperTalk LISP
Logo Modula-2 Pascal PILOT
PL/1 Prolog RPG Smalltalk

Development Tools
• An application generator is a program that creates
source code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality
– Often bundled as part of a DBMS

Development Tools
• A macro is a series of statements that instructs an
application how to complete a task
• You usually create the macro in one of two ways:
– Record the macro with a macro recorder
– Write the macro

Chapter 11
Development Tools
• HTML is a special
formatting language
that programmers use
to format documents
for display on the Web
• XHTML is a markup
language that allows
Web sites to be
displayed more easily
on mobile devices
Development Tools
• XML allows Web developers to create customized
tags and use predefined tags to display content
appropriately on various devices
– WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages
for microbrowsers
• Two applications of XML are RSS 2.0 and ATOM

Chapter 11
Development Tools
• Web browsers can execute short programs to add
interactive elements to Web pages
• To send and receive information between your computer
and a Web server, these programs use the CGI (common
gateway interface)
Scripts Applets
ActiveX
Servlets
controls
Chapter 11
Development Tools
• Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets, or
ActiveX controls using a variety of languages
JavaScript Perl PHP
Rexx Tcl VBScript

Chapter 11
Development Tools
Dynamic HTML (DHTML) allows Web developers to include

more graphical interest and interactivity
Ruby on Rails (RoR) provides technologies for developing

object-oriented, database-driven Web sites

Chapter 11
Development Tools
• Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for
users to:
Allow users to
Share personal
modify Web site
information
content
Have application
software built
into the site
Chapter 11
Development Tools
• Most Web 2.0 sites use APIs
– An API enables programmers to interact with an
environment such as a Web site or operating system

Development Tools
• Web page authoring software can create
sophisticated Web pages that include images,
video, audio, animation, and other effects
Expression
Dreamweaver
Web
SharePoint
Flash
Designer
Chapter 11
Development Tools
• Multimedia authoring software allows
programmers to combine text, graphics,
animation, audio, and video in an interactive
presentation
ToolBook Director

Chapter 11
Development Tools

Program Development Cycle
• Program development consists of a series of steps

programmers use to build computer programs

• The sequence control structure shows one or

more actions following each other in order

• The selection control

structure tells the
program which action
to take, based on a
certain condition
– If-then-else
– Case


• The repetition control structure enables a program to

perform one or more actions repeatedly as long as a
certain condition is met

Summary
Activities that occur

System development Guidelines for system
during system
phases development
development
Various programming Program

Web development
languages and development and the
and multimedia
program tools used in this
development tools
development tools process

Chapter 11
Discovering Computers
Fundamentals,
2012 Edition
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Chapter 11 Complete

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition: Your Interactive Guide To The Digital World

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Discovering Computers

Discuss the importance of

Identify the benefits of

See Page 417 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 2

List other programming

Explain the basic

System development is a set of activities

Page 418 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 4

Page 418 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 5

• System development should follow three general

Group activities or tasks into phases

Page 419 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 6

• System development should involve representatives from each

Page 419 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 7

• Project management is the process of planning,

Pages 420 - 421 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 9

Pages 420 - 421 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 10

• Feasibility is a measure of how suitable the

Operational Schedule Technical Economic

Page 421 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 11

• Documentation is the collection and

Page 422 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 12

• During system development, members of the project

Interview JAD Sessions Research

Pages 422 - 423 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 13

A user may request a new or modified system

Organizations may want to improve hardware, software, or other

Situations beyond an organization’s control might require a change

Management might mandate a change

A user may request a new or modified information system using a request

Page 423 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 14

Page 424 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 15

• The planning phase for a project begins when the

Review and Form a project

Page 425 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 16

• The analysis phase consists of two major

Pages 425 - 427 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 17

Page 426 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 18

• The system proposal assesses the feasibility of

Pages 427 - 428 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 19

• The design phase consists of two major activities

Develop all of the details of

Page 428 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 20

• To acquire the necessary hardware and software:

Pages 428 - 430 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 21

• The next step is to develop detailed design

Input and output

Page 430 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 22

• Systems analysts typically develop two types of

Pages 430 - 431 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 23

• A prototype (proof of concept) is a working model

Page 431 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 24

• Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)

Page 432 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 25

• The purpose of the implementation phase is to

Install and test

Page 432 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 26

• Various tests should be performed on the new

Page 433 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 27

• Training involves showing users exactly how they

Page 433 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2012 Edition 28

• One or more of four conversion strategies can be