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Riadika Mastra
2.2
2.0 5
SW IR 10 Microwave
1.8
1.6
Thermal IR
1.4 10
Reflected IR
1.2
1 Visible
1.0
-1 Ultra Violet
Near IR 0.8
10
Red
0.6 -4
Green
Blue 10 X Rays
0.4
-6
Wave length 10
Gamma Rays
in micrometer
Electromagnetic spectrum, the basis of remote sensing
The key to understanding remote sensing is the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum,
which measures electromagnetic radiation and is divided into intervals based on
wavelengths.
Virtually all electromagnetic radiation originates from the sun. Keep in mind that
frequency and intensity are also important for determining the effects of
radiation at any particular wavelength.
• Unless an object has a temperature of absolute zero (negative 273
degrees Celsius, 0 degrees Kelvin), an object reflects, absorbs, and
emits electromagnetic radiation
• Wavelengths are defined by the mean distance between successive
maximums (wave crests) or minimums (wave troughs) in a roughly
periodic pattern.
• Shorter waves are measured in nanometers and micrometers,
longer waves in millimeters and meters.
Frequency is the term used to describe the number of
wavelengths that pass a point per unit time.
Intensity denotes how compact or focused a wavelength at a
particular frequency is. er of wavelengths that pass through a
point at
The amount of electromagnetic radiation an object emits depends
mainly on the temperature of the object. The higher the
temperature of an object, the shorter its wavelength. Lower
temperatures have shorter wavelengths.
• Transmissitivity is the ability of the atmosphere to allow radiation to
pass through.
– Areas of the EM spectrum absorbed by atmospheric gases such
as water vapor and carbon dioxide are absorption bands.
– Areas of the EM spectrum where the atmosphere is transparent
with little or no absorption of radiationare known as atmospheric
windows. They allow radiation to pass through directly.
– Most remote sensing instruments on aircraft or satellites operate in
one or more of these atmospheric windows or across entire swaths
of the spectrum..
Multispectral sensors and spectral resolution
• If a sensor detects over a wide range of the spectrum and separates portions
of the spectrum into distinct bands, we refer to it as a multispectral sensor.
• Spectral resolution refers to the ability of a sensor to define fine wavelength
intervals. The finer the spectral resolution, the narrower the wavelength
range for a particular channel or band. Notice how the two multispectral
sensors (Aster and Landsat ETM differ in their spectral resolution.
SOIL
VEGETATION
WATER
0,3 1 3 10 m
II. Remote sensing hardware
• Remote sensing information may be acquired in active or passive
mode.
Passive Remote Sensing
Energy source, Target, back ground, Spectral reflection, platform
and Sensor
the sun platform
sensor
obstacle
target
reflection emission
Passive sensors record radiation from the sun The Ikonos satellite produces very detailed
reflected off of objects on the ground. imaged of the earth’s surface based on
recordings of reflected solar radiation.
III. Types of remote sensing
• Analog and Digital Aerial photography
(Pasive RS)
• Sonar, Radar, Lidar (Active RS)
• Multispectral sensors (Pasive and Active).
Aerial photos
• Aerial photos can be divided based on film type.
• Photographic film can be coated with different
light-sensitive emulsions, each sensitive to specific
wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
– Black and white emulsion sensitive to approximately the
same wavelengths as the human eye.
– Infrared emulsion sensitive to wavelengths that fall
outside the range of human vision. IR film is commonly
used to produce color-infrared photos. IR imagery uses
false color, since we can’t really see the wavelengths
recorded on infrared film.
Aerial photo: Black and white emulsion Aerial photo: Color infrared emulsion
Features that may have similar shades of gray in black and white aerial photos
will be much more distinguishable with IR film. For example, broadleaf vegetation
(oaks, maples) is highly reflective in the IR spectrum, much more than pines. As a
result these forest types can be distinguished in IR aerial photos. Water and land
contrasts are also more pronounced in IR aerial photos.
Color infrared
Hardwood trees (oaks,
hickories, tupelo) appear as
darker blue colors.
Pines are red.
Inderaja BATAN 25
Camera Concepts
ADS40
DMS UltraCam
digital frames
pixel carpets
DATA ACQUISITION
(BY LEICA GEOSYSTEMS ADS40)
Three-line Pushbroom Scanner
Backward scene Nadir scene Forward scene
Nadir
Forward
Pan-Sharpening (Image Fusion)
33
Problems with Aerial Photography
• Clouds, haze, shadows/sun angle, snow
• Distortion
– tip & tilt
– relief distortion
– radial distortion
• Limited to 0.3 - 0.9 m (UV-NIR)
• Storage and handling can be a problem
34
• Active remote sensing systems generate their own electromagnetic
radiation, which is transmitted from the sensor to the observed object
and back to the sensor. Radar, Lidar, microwave, and Sonar are
examples of active sensor emission sources.
Lidar (Light detection and ranging) Lidar image of Ground Zero in New York City.
systems are one form of active
remote sensing.
Sensors
• Sensors may be housed on satellites, planes, on top of buildings, or
even towed along the back of a vehicle
• Three basic sensor types:
– Broad-band devices receive radiation of many wavelengths and
composites them into a single signal. Photographic film (or CCD
and CMOS) forms an image by compositing the range of
wavelengths duplicated in human vision..
– A narrow-band device detects limited range of wavelengths and
does not separate them into individual wavelengths, or bands.
– Multi-spectral devices simultaneously record radiation in two or
more separate wavelength bands that can be later recombined.
Doppler radar sends the energy in pules and listens for any returned signal
Laser-based imaging
device used by law
enforcement to
determine if you are
speeding.
44
“LiDAR” stands for
Light Detection and Ranging,
45
Methods to obtain 3D Geospatial Digital data
Method Data Scale Height Relative Total
Accuracy Cost Quality
90m Mesh data SRTM 1/50,000 < 16m LL Poor
1/5,000~
Airborne SAR ±1~2m HHH Good
Interferometry 1/10,000
Satellite SAR 1/50,000 TerraSAR Standard Poor
10m
Comparison of LiDAR & Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry LiDAR
Method Analog Aerial Airborne
photograph Laser/GPS/IMU
Sensor Passive (Camera) Active
(Scanning Laser)
3D data ・A/D Trans. of film ・Reflective pulse
Acquisition ・Stereo matching ・Direct measurement
Processing Two month Two weeks
period
Cost 1 Less than 0.5
48
地
Laser Scanners
ALS50-II
ALTM3010 MULTI PULSE
ALS60
MULTI PULSE Harrier56
49
Laser Bird Series
Laser Bird No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Heri1
Maker OPTECH OPTECH OPTECH Leica Geosystem Leica Geosystem Leica Geosystem Toposys
Product country Canada Canada Canada USA USA USA German
Maker Type ALTM1025 ALTM2033 ALTM3100DC ALS50-2 ALS50-2+MPIA ALS60 Q560
Year 1998 2001 2004 2006 2008 2009 2009
Sensor Weight(kg) 18 18 23.4 30 30 30 20
25W×32L× 26W×19L× 37W×56L× 37W×56L× 37W×56L×
Sensor size 39W×45D×55H 56W×20L×21.7H
56Hcm 57Hcm 24Hcm 24Hcm 24Hcm
Control lack Weight(kg) 60 42 53.2 40 40 40 76
59W×57L× 65W×59L× 45W×47L× 45W×47L× 45W×47L×
Control lack size 60W×71D×60H 43W×67L78H
40Hcm 49Hcm 36Hcm 36Hcm 36Hcm
AGL (m) 150~1000 330~3,000 80~3,500 200~6,000 200~6,000 200~6,000 30~1,000
Pulse Rate(Hz) 5,000 25,000 33,000 150,000 150,000 200,000 240,000
33,000 50,000
Changeable on AGL Changeable on AGL Changeable on AGL Changeable on AGL
70,000
100,000 MPiA MPiA
IMU TYPE POS/AV410 POS/AV410 POS/AV510 IPAS IPAS10 IPAS10 POS/AV510
PulseMode 1st 1st/last 1,2,3rd/last 1,2,3rd/last 1,2,3rd/last 1,2,3rd/last 50cm Inteval
Wave Form × × × × Option Option ○
Vertical Accuracy(cm) 15 15 15~35 13~30 13~30 13~30 <15
Horizontal Accuracy(cm)
1/2,000×H 1/2,000×H 1/3,000×H 11~46 11~46 11~46 <25
ビーム径(mrad) 0.2,1.0(切替) 0.2,0.8(切替) 0.3,0.8(切替) 0.22@1/e^2 0.22@1/e^2 0.22@1/e^2
Scan angle
0~±20° 0~±20° 0~±25° 0~±37.5° 0~±37.5° 0~±37.5° 0~±30
(Foresight of View)
Intensity × ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Digital camera 4K×4K 7.2K×5.4K 7.2K×5.4K 7.2K×5.4K 7.2K×5.4K 4.9k×3.7K
Platform C208 C208 C207,C208,C404 C404 C208,207 C208,207 Heriborn R44
We have owned 7 different laser scanning systems since 1999. At present (Dec. 2010) , we
operates three airplane and one helicopter equipped the Laser Bird.
50
Acquisition and Data Processing Flow
Motion data of aircraft
(IMU: Inertial Motion Sensor )
Position of aircraft
(GPS)
● :First Pulse
●,●:Middle Pulse
● :Last Pulse
Example of spatial distribution of laser beam profiling. 53
Before Filtering
filtering
Automatic
Manual Filtering
Survei LiDAR dan Sonar
55
Simulasi area tergenang air
56
Combination
Survey
Orthophoto
57
57
….it can be used to extract very detailed images of the
surface. Forest (top left). Barrier island elevation (right).
Lidar can detect elevation with cm accuracy.
Lidar animation on the elevation and topography of a hilly area.
The green color features are trees.
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s781.htm
IV. Satellite remote sensing satellite platforms
and sensors
The path of POES (polar operational environmental satellite), which orbits Earth’s two
poles 14 times each day. By contrast, the GOES satellite (geostationary operational
environmental satellite stays in one place above the Earth along the Equator. The satellite
turns with the Earth rather than orbiting it like POES.
This image was taken by GOES-8 on September 23,
1994. It shows atmospheric water vapor.
Black and White infrared imagery from GOES satellite. White clouds
indicate cooler taller clouds. Dark colors indicate warm surfaces.
• Synthetic Aperture Radar
(SAR)
– Broad-area imaging at
high resolutions.
– Many times imagery must
be acquired in inclement Unmanned US Army aircraft fitted with a
weather or during night as Lynx synthetic aperture radar system.
well as day.
– Synthetic Aperture Radar
(SAR) can see through
weather and clouds better
Inderaja BATAN 76
Calculating Object Heights
• Stereoscopic Parallax
• Parallax bar
• Parallax wedge
• Shadow length
– object must be vertical
– on level ground
– height of another
object is known or sun
angle and time of day
are known Calculating the height of the Washington
Monument via stereo parallax
Inderaja BATAN 77
Applications: Archaeology
• Archaeologists and historical geographers can sometimes identify features hidden
for centuries
– Soil marks
– Crop marks
• positive
• negative
– Shadow marks
– Snow marks
Inderaja BATAN 78
Applications: Archaeology
Inderaja BATAN 81
San Andreas fault, Carrizo Plain, CA
Applications: Geology
• Geologic mapping
– Different drainage patterns can reveal what type of
geology is present
– Folds and faults are sometimes more recognizable
from the air
Inderaja BATAN 82
Applications: Geology
Mineral,
hydrocarbon,
and
groundwater
exploration
Hazards -
landslide and
earthquake
fault
assessment fault running
diagonally from
top left to right
bellow Inderaja BATAN 83
Applications: Forestry
• Forest type
maps -
sometimes
down to
species level
• Appraisal of
damage due
to fire,
insects, and
disease
• Timber
volume
estimates
• Wildlife
habitat
management
Inderaja BATAN 84
Kesimpulan
• Yang dicari dari Interpretasi Foto dan
Fotogrametri adalah:
• Posisi:
– (X,Y,Z dan menjadi unsur 3D) berbasis bidang proyeksi
yang dipilih
• Konten:
– Unsur Vegetasi
– Unsur Perairan
– Unsur Buatan Manusia
– Unsur Lainnya (karang, pasir tanah kosong dsb)
Inderaja BATAN 85