Microcontroller -

It is a highly integrated device which includes, on one chip,

all or most of the parts needed to perform an application
control function.
Microcontroller based System -
 Compact
Low Cost
Minimum component count
Low power requirement
Built in functions and memory
 Choosing a microcontroller-
• Speed
•Width of data to be processed
•Power Consumption
• On chip Memory
•No of I/O pins and Timers on chip
•Availability of development tools
•Availability of Microcontroller ICs
• Additional features available
Microcontroller Applications:

Television Copiers
Telephone Elevators
Body controller of Automobile Irons
Remote control Cellular phone
Different parts of PC(printer,modem,disk controller
keyboard ) Security system
Home appliances (Microwave oven , Washing machine)
Environment control (green house, factory)
Digital diary
Vending machines
8 – Bit Microcontrollers
• Motorola’s 6811
•Intel’s 8051
•Zilog’s Z8
•Microchip Technology’s PIC 16X

Companies producing Member of 8051 family

Intel Siemens
Atmel Dallas Semiconductor
Philips AMD
Microcontroller Block Diagram -

*
 8051 Block Diagram
I/O
PSW SFR
ALU L P0 A0-7
& RAM D0-7

A B 8 Bit Data & Add. Bus

L P1 I/O

ROM I/O
L P2 A8-15

PC DPTR I/O
INT.
L P3
16- Bit Address Bus Counter
S.Data
EA
ALE
System Timing L- Latch
PSEN
Interrupts
XTAL1
Data Buffers
XTAL2
RESET
Memory Control
 8051 Programming Model
A E0 B F0 * * TMOD TCON FFF
IP B8 IE A8
* 89 * 88
7F
General TH0 TL0 TH1 TL1
purpose 8C 8A 8D 8B
30 Area ROM
2F SCON SBUF PCON PSW
Bit Address * 98 99 * 87 D0 *

20 Area
SP
R.Bank 3
81

R.Bank 2
DPTR
R.Bank 1 DPH DPL PC
83 82
Register
Bank 0 000
Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3
00 R0-R7 80 90 A0 B0

* Bit addressable
 OVERVIEW OF 8051 FAMILY
OVERVIEW OF 8051 FAMILY

C RAM ROM Other features

8031 128 NIL 2 Timers, 1 Serial
Bytes port, 6 Interrupt
sources
128 4 KB Same as above
8051
Bytes

8751 128
4 KB Same as above
Bytes EPROM
 8051 Pin Assignments
A8---A15
Vcc AD0 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 Vpp Prog

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
____
EA ALE PSEN
P0.0 -- P0.7 P2.0 ----2.7
P3.0 --P3.7

P1.0 - P1.7 RST

1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Vss
_____ ____ __ __
Port 1 Bit 0-7 RXD INT0 INT1 T0 T1
Reset WR RD XTAL1
TXD
XTAL2
 8051 Timings
All internal operations of 8051 are in synchronous with clock.
A Quartz crystal generates a basic internal clock frequency of
microcontroller.
Typically 1 MHz to 12 MHz clock frequencies are used.
Frequency of serial communication decides the particular clock
frequency to be used..
• Machine Cycle: The smallest interval of time to accomplish any simple instruction.

The machine cycle made up of 6 T states.

T State: Basic time interval for discrete operations of microcontroller.

Two oscillator pulses define each T state.

One machine cycle requires 12 clock periods.

Time required to execute any instruction: Tinst=(12 C)/(Crystal Freq.)

Byte Address
1F Byte
Internal RAM Organization
BANK 3 Address Bit Address Byte Address
R0--R7 7F
2F 7F 78
18

17
BANK 2
R0--R7
10
0F
BANK 1
R0--R7
08

07
BANK 0
R0 -- R7 20 07 00
00 30
Working Registers Bit Addressable General purpose