Program StudiTeknik

Physiography of Indonesia Geologi Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT

FakultasTeknologi Kebumian dan Energi Dr. Ir. M. Burhannudinnur, MSc
Semester Genap_2013 - 2014
UniversitasTrisakti
 LECTURE MATERIALS
1. INTRODUCTION (1X)
a. Definition
b. Geophysical Methods and their main applications
c. Level of Petroleum Investigation

2. REFLECTION SEISMIC (8X)

a. Fundamental of Seismic Method
b. Acquisition
c. Processing
d. Structural Interpretation
e. Stratigraphic Interpretation
f. Exercise
g. Field Trip (if possible)

1. GRAVITY (3X)
a. Introduction and general application of gravity data
b. Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Exploration
c. Paradigm Shift in Gravity data utilization
d. Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Reservoir Monitoring (Time lapse)

2. MAGNETIC (1X)
a. General Application of Magnetic Data
 Summary
• Sequence stratigraphy: an integrated framework
- for petroleum systems analysis and
- predictive models for prospect generation

• Sequences are controlled by a complex interaction

of tectonism, eustasy, sediment supply and climate

• Several approaches exist, differing mainly in terms of

principal bounding surfaces; one or another may be
best for a particular basin or setting

• From a “Best Practices” standpoint, we recommend

using the most reasonable and practical approach
Stratigraphic Analysis
Controls on Stratigraphic Architecture
Shoreline Movements
Alternative Packages
Type-1 Exxonian Sequence

Highstand

Transgressive
Lowstand Wedge
Eustasy
Lowstand Fan
F R

Systems Tracts
Scale of Stratigraphic Correlation

• Using Outcrops or Cores High cm Very

60 Local
– Visually correlate laminae 40
and beds 20

– Units are centimeters thick 0

• Using Well Logs

Areal Extent
Well A Well B Well C
12

Resolution
– Pattern correlation of log 9

markers 6

– Units are meters thick 3

0
meters

• Using Seismic Data meters

300
– Seismic correlation of 200
bedsets and larger units 100
– Units are tens to hundreds 0 Basin-
of meters thick Low wide

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
The STRENGTHS of Seismic Data

• Good areal coverage

• Able to image major depositional units
• Able to identify potential source, reservoir,
and seal units
• Provides a stratigraphic framework within
which other data can be understood
– Well data Vail et al., 1977a

– Basin fill history

– HC systems

AAPG©1977 reprinted with permission of the AAPG

whose permission is required for further use.
Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04
L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
The WEAKNESSES of Seismic Data
• Limited vertical and lateral resolution: can’t
resolve “small” features
• Stratigraphic interpretation is limited by the
quality of the seismic data/imaging
• Seismic responses are non-unique – e.g., low
amplitude could be a massive sand or a thick
shale
• In new areas, we often have to ‘jump’ correlate
from adjacent outcrops or basins
• Post-depositional erosion and/or structuring can
hamper stratigraphic correlations and paleo-
depositional reconstructions
• Typically we can’t “see” hydrocarbons
Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04
L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Two Methods for Correlating

There are two basic ways to correlate

stratigraphy:
• By rock type i.e., Lithostratigraphy

• By age-equivalence i.e., Chronostratigraphy

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Lithostratigraphy

• Units are defined based on lithology

• Rock units vary in space and time
• Boundaries are subjective, and not physical
since lateral facies changes are gradational

‘A’ Sand
‘B’ Sand
‘B’ Sand

‘X’ Nonmarine Member

‘X’ Member
non-marine
‘A’ Sand
‘Z’ Shale ‘Z’ Shale

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Chronostratigraphy

• Units defined based on time-equivalent stratal

surfaces, natural stratigraphic subdivisions
• Chronozones vary in space but not time
• Correspond to physical boundaries, which can
generate reflections

Time Unit 1

Unit 3
Time Unit 2
Unit 2
Time Unit 3
Unit 1

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Question ???

What Do We Observe on Seismic Sections?

– Lithostratigraphic Units, or
– Chronostratigraphic Units?
A Thought Experiment:
– What geometry would we observe for a prograding
system

‘B’ Sand Unit 3

‘X’ Nonmarine Member Unit 2

Unit 1
‘A’ Sand
‘Z’ Shale

Lithostratigraphic? Chronostratigraphic?
Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04
L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Answer !!!

In a prograding depositional system, reflections

parallel stratal surfaces and therefore have time or
chronostratigraphic significance.

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Seismic Example of Angular Discordance

There is angular discordance between

reflections at the yellow line

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Terminations: Base of a Sequence

Older
Older
Beds
Beds

Onlap
A base-discordant relationship
in which younger strata
terminate progressively against
a surface of greater inclination
Downlap
A base-discordant relationship
in which younger inclined strata
terminate progressively against
a surface of lower inclination

NOTE: These definitions are based on observed geometric relationships, not

on inferred depositional processes

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Terminations: Top of a Sequence

Younger Younger
Beds Beds

Erosion
A top-discordant relationship in
which strata terminate along an
unconformity surface due to
post-depositional erosion
Toplap
A top-discordant relationship in
which strata terminate against a
surface mainly as a result of
non-deposition (bypass)

NOTE: These definitions are based on observed geometric relationships

AND some inference about depositional processes

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Seismic Sequence
Mitchum et al., 1977a

Overlying Truncation
Toplap Unconformity

Underlying
Unconformity
Onlap

Downlap Internal
Convergence
AAPG©1977reprinted with permission of the AAPG whose permission is required for further use.

A depositional sequence is a relatively conformable succession of

genetically related strata bounded at its top and base by
unconformities or their correlative conformities.

A seismic sequence is a depositional sequence identified on a

seismic section

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
What Is Seismic Facies Analysis?

Input: Seismic Data (2D or 3D)

Seismic Stratigraphic Analysis
– Define key stratigraphic intervals
• Seismic Sequence Analysis

– Determine the rock types within each interval

• Seismic Facies Analysis

Product: Prediction of Rock Types

– Sand within reservoir intervals
– Shale in overlying seal intervals & source intervals

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Definitions

• Seismic Facies Unit

– a mappable, three dimensional seismic unit
composed of groups of reflections whose
parameters differ from those of adjacent facies
units.
• Seismic Facies Analysis
– the description and geologic interpretation
(environmental setting, lithofacies, etc.) of seismic
reflection parameters.
Mitchum et al., 1977a

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Reflection Features Used in Mapping

Feature Significance
Seismic • Impedance Contrasts
Amplitude (significant stratal surfaces)
• Bed Spacing / Tuning
• Fluid Content

Reflection • Depositional Processes

Geometry

Reflection • Lateral Stratal Continuity

Continuity • Depositional Processes

Wavelet • Bed Thickness

Frequency • Fluid Content

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Seismic Facies Analysis

Seismic Sequence Analysis Mitchum et al., 1977b

Key Stratigraphic Units AAPG©1977reprinted with permission of the AAPG
whose permission is required for further use.
Are Broken Out

Seismic Facies Analysis

Geometric Relations Other Seismic Features

are Captured through are Extracted as
ABC Mapping Seismic Attributes

Carb.
Interpretation/Prediction Slope Shelf
Edge
• Patterns are used to Interpret EODs Reef Carbonate
• Lithologies / stacking are predicted Shelf

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Posting Geometric Observation

The ABC Method

Tr = Truncation On = Onlap

A - B
Tp = Toplap Dn = Downlap
C = Concordant C = Concordant

C
p = parallel m = mounded ob = oblique progradation
sub = subparallel w = wavy sig = sigmoid progradation
div = divergent rf = reflection free sh = shingled

A = Termination Pattern at the Upper Sequence Boundary

B = Termination Pattern at the Lower Sequence Boundary
C = Internal Reflection Pattern
Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04
L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Internal Reflection Patterns

Stratified Unstratified

Simple Progradational Complex

• Parallel • Sigmoid • Mounded • Chaotic

• Subparallel • Oblique • Hummocky • Reflection
• Divergent • Combination • Deformed Free
• Shingled

For examples, see AAPG Memoir 26

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Simple Stratified Internal Configurations

Parallel - Even
Stratified

Simple Progradational Complex

Subparallel Divergent

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Progradational Internal Configurations

Shingled
Stratified

Simple Progradational Complex

Sigmoid Oblique

Upbuilding (Aggradation) Outbuilding

(Progradation)

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Complex Internal Configurations
Mounded

Stratified

Simple Progradational Complex

Hummocky Deformed

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
The Classic Method - An Example

C -On T -C T -Dn C -Dn C -C

P Ob Ob P P

Line B

Each Line is Subdivided into Seismic Facies Units

where Each Unit Differs from its Neighbors
Here Facies Units are based on Reflection Geometries

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
ABC Codes Posted on a Map

Line A
C -C
P
10
Line B
10 20 30 40 50
C -On T -C T -Dn C -Dn C -C
P Ob Ob P P
20

T -C
Div

Line C 30

10 20 30 40 50
C -On T -C T -Dn C -Dn C -C
P Ob Ob P P
40

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Facies Synthesis

Line A
C -C
P
10
Line B
10 20 30 40 50
C -On T -C T -Dn C -Dn C -C
P Ob 20 Ob P P
Wedge
T -C
Div Zone of
Line C 30Progradation Sheet
10 20 30 40 50
C -On T -C T -Dn C -Dn C -C
P Ob Ob P P
40

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Depositional Environments

Line A
10
Line B
10 20 30 40 50

Non-Marine 20
Marginal
Marine Slope
Line C 30 Basin
10 20 30 40 50

40

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Inferred Lithology - Prediction

Facies Model Prediction

Crevasse Splay
Sea Level
Channel Fill
Proximal
Distributary
Mouth Bar

Delta Front Sandstone Distal

Distributary
Delta Front Siltstone Mouth Bar
Pro-Delta Shales
Delta Front
Offshore Clay
Prodelta

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Time for Another Exercise

Woodbine: Onshore East Texas

Line 1a
Line 1

OTC©1979 reprinted with permission of the OTC

Ramsayer, 1979
whose permission is required for further use.

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Line 1
Well C Well D

OTC©1979 reprinted with permission of the OTC Ramsayer, 1979

whose permission is required for further use.

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
ABC-Coded Map

Well C

Well D

OTC©1979 reprinted with permission of the OTC Ramsayer, 1979

whose permission is required for further use.

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
ABC Synthesis

Well C

Well D

OTC©1979 reprinted with permission of the OTC Ramsayer, 1979

whose permission is required for further use.

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis
Interpreted Depositional Environments

OTC©1979 reprinted with permission of the OTC Ramsayer, 1979

whose permission is required for further use.

Courtesy of ExxonMobil FWS 04

L 11 – Stratigraphic Analysis