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INTRODUCTION OF MACHINE SHOP

OPERATION AND LAYOUT TOOLS

Prepared by Group 1
1/16/2018
 machine shop
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 A machine shop is a room, building, or company

where machining is done. In a machine
shop, machinists use machine tools and cutting
tools to make parts, usually of metal or plastic (but
sometimes of other materials such
as glass or wood).

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 Machines
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 A machine is a tool containing one or more parts

that uses energy to perform an intended action.
Machines are usually powered by mechanical,
chemical, thermal, or electrical means, and are
often motorized.

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 Machine tools
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 A machine tool is a machine for shaping

or machining metal or other rigid materials, usually
by cutting, boring, grinding, shearing, or other forms
of deformation. Machine tools employ some sort of
tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine
tools have some means of constraining the
workpiece and provide a guided movement of the
parts of the machine.

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 LAYING OUT
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 “Laying out” is a shop term which means to scribe

lines,
 circles, centers, and so forth, upon the surface of
any material
 to serve as a guide in shaping the finished
workpiece

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 Rules
 Rules are made of steel
and are either rigid or
flexible. The flexible
steel rule will bend, but it
should not be bent
intentionally as it may be
broken rather easily. In
aircraft work, the unit of
measure most commonly
used is the inch.
1 
 The inch may be divided
into smaller parts by means
of either common or
decimal fraction divisions.
The fractional divisions for
an inch are found by
dividing the inch into equal
parts: halves (1⁄2), quarters
(1⁄4),
 eighths (1⁄8), sixteenths
(1⁄16), thirty-seconds
(1⁄32), and
sixty-fourths (1⁄64).
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 Measurement Instrument and Layout
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Tools
 Scriber
 is the layout tool that
is used to produce
these lines. The point is
made of hardened
steel and is kept chain
by honing on an
oilstone.

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 Trammel
 When scribing circles, arcs,
and radii that are too large
to be produced with the
divider, a trammel should be
used. The trammel is made of
three main parts: the beam,
two sliding heads with scriber
points, and an adjusting screw
that is attached to one of the
heads. The trammel can be
made to scribe larger
distances with the use of
extension rods. This layout tool
is set in the same manner as
the divider.
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 Hermaphrodite
Caliper
 The hermaphrodite
caliper is a tool used
to layout lines that are
parallel with the
edges of the work
piece. It can also be
used to locate the
center of cylindrical
shaped workplaces
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 Divider
 When laying out
circles, arcs, and radii,
it is best to use the
divider.

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 Surface Gage
 A surface gage is used
for many purposes, but
is most often used for
layout work. The gage
can be used to scribe
layout lines at any
given distance parallel
to the work Surface.

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 Vernier Height Gage

 The vernier height gage
is a caliper with a
special foot block to
adapt it for use on a
surface plate. Height
gages are available in
several sizes: the most
common are the 10, 18,
and 24 inch gages in
English measure and the
25 and 46 cm gages in
metric measure.
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 Combination Square
Set
 The combination
square set is used for
a number of layout
operations. The set
consists of a blade
(graduated rule),
square head,
protractor, and center
head.
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 Slide Calipers
 Often used to measure
the length of an object,
the slide caliper
provides greater
accuracy than the ruler.
It can, by virtue of its
specially formed jaws,
measure both inside
and outside dimensions.
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