FIRE TETRATHREDON.

The fire tetrahedron is a four-sided

geometric representation of the four
factors necessary for fire: fuel (any
substance that can undergo combustion),
heat (heat energy sufficient to release
vapor from the fuel and cause ignition),
oxidizing agent (air containing oxygen),
and uninhibited chemical chain reaction
(sufficient exothermic reaction energy to
produce ignition). The fuel/air ratio must
within flammable limits, which describes
the amount of vapor in air necessary to
propagate flame. Removing any of these
four factors will prevent, suppress, or
control the fire.
 Fire triangle

Theory of Fire
Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation
(burning) of fuel. The following three elements must
be present at the same time in order for a fire to start
Also,Fire is the result of combustion of organic material and oxygen. For
example
CH4 + 202 = CO2 + 2H2O
 Fire
Components:
 Fire classification
• Ordinary combustibles (wood, paper, cloth, rubber, plastics, etc.)
• Symbol is a green or metallic triangle

A • •Flammable liquids
• •Symbol is a red or metallic square

B
• •Live electrical current is present
• •Symbol is a blue or metallic circle
C

D • •Certain combustible metals (aluminium, magnesium,

sodium, etc.)
• •Symbol is a yellow or metallic star

K • •Commercial kitchen fires such as burning oils and grease

• •Symbol is a purple stop-sign shape.
• Recently, new picture symbols have been developed for
• identifying fire classifications. Make yourself familiar with both
 Major Industrial Fire Causes
• Electrical or mechanical failure
• Improper handling of flammable liquids

• Sparks from cutting / welding processes

• Poor housekeeping
• Careless smoking
• Arson
 Handling Flammable Liquids
• Flammable liquids should be stored in
approved safety containers with vapour-tight,
self-closing covers
• Minimize the build-up of static electricity by
bonding and grounding metal containers
• Use a ground wire from the drum to an earth
ground for as long as a drum is in use
• Attach a bonding wire from the container to
the drum before filling the container to avoid short
circuiting.
Flammable Liquids Safe Set-Up
Proper set-up of drum,
container, ground and
bonding wire

One gallon of gasoline exploding

has the
same energy as 81 lbs. of dynamite
 Using the right extinguisher.
Type What’s Burning Contents of
Extinguisher
Wood, paper,bags, rubber, etc Water - type, foam, halon,
multipurpose dry chemical
A
Flammable liquids,gases, grease Carbon dioxide, dry chemical,
foam, multi-purpose dry
B chemical, water fog, halon
Live electrical current Multi-purpose dry chemical,
dry chemical, carbon dioxide,
C halon
Burning metals Special dry chemical
(i.e. sodium chloride base)
D
Vegetable or animal oils Potassium Acetate Solution,
will foam up to crate a barrier
between the oil and O2.
K
 Soda acid extinguisher.
The container of soda acid fire extinguisher
holds sodium bicarbonate solution.
The screw-on cap contains a plunger
mechanism which is covered by a safety guard.
Below the plunger is a glass phial containing
sulphuric acid.
When the plunger is struck, the glass phial is
broken and the acid and sodium bicarbonate
mix together (observe the diagram given
below).
The resulting chemical reaction produces
carbon dioxide gas which pressurises the space
above the liquid forcing it out through the
internal pipe to the nozzle.
The chemical reaction that takes place in the
soda-acid fire extinguisher is as follows:
2NaHCO3 + H2SO4--------> Na2SO4 + 2H2O +
2CO2
 Stored pressure type of water
Extinguisher
The constant air pressure extinguisher shown
in fig. above is filled with water. Dry air is
included through air line till the desired
pressure is built-up. The air line is
removed and the Container is air tight sealed.
While actuating, safety pin is withdrawn and
valve lever is depressed resulting in a jet of
water through the hose.
 Water type(CO2 Expelled)

The soda-acid extinguisher has largely been

replaced by the CO2 /water type which does
not rely on a chemical action for it’s operation.
The extinguishing medium in this type is water
with no chemical residue. The CO2 gas expels
the water when the cartridge seal is pierced by
the striker pin.
 Stored pressure type water
Extinguisher.
Water Stored Pressure Fire
Extinguishers are designed to
suppress fires in Class A
combustibles like wood, cloth,
trash and other materials that
leave an ash. These kinds of
hazards are often found in office
environments and some industrial
locations, as well as warehouse
and oxidizing chemical storage
areas.
Foam extinguisher—chemical, Mechanical.

The main container is filled with sodium

bicarbonate solution and a long inner
polythene container is filled with aluminium
sulphate (Figure ). The inner container is
sealed by a cap held in place by a plunger.
When the plunger is unlocked by turning it, the
cap is released. The extinguisher is then
inverted for the two liquids to mix. Carbon
dioxide is produced by the reaction which
pressurises the container and forces out the
foam.
The outer container in this case is filled with
water. The central container holds a carbon
dioxide charge and a foam solution (Figure ). A
plunger mechanism with a safety guard is
located above the central container. When the
Al2 (SO4)3 + 6 NaHCO3 -> 2Al (OH) 3 + 3Na2SO4 +
plunger is depressed the carbon dioxide is
6 Co2
released and the foam solution and water mix.
They are then forced out through a special
nozzle which creates the mechanical foam.
This extinguisher has an internal pipe and is
operated upright.(Mechanical Foam )
 Halon fire Extinguisher.
Halon fire extinguisher are a
specialty type of fire extinguisher
that contain a gas that interrupts
the chemical reaction that takes
place when fuels burn. This type of
fire extinguisher is often used to
protect valuable electrical
equipment since they leave no
residue.
 Dry Chemical powder Extinguisher.

A fuel - You need some sort of

combustible solid, liquid or gas

Oxygen to react with the fuel

 Heat - There must be enough

heat to get the fuel above its flash
point. If there is paper on your
desk right now, it is surrounded by
oxygen, but it does not burn unless
you get the paper hot enough.
 PASS that extinguisher, please!

• Pull the pin at the top of the

extinguisher
• Aim the nozzle towards the base
of the fire
• Squeeze the handle
• Sweep the nozzle back and forth
SNAPSHOT
 Fire Workout
• Respect how serious fire can be
• Learn to recognize and control all types
• of fire hazards at your facility
• Review your company fire plan
• Practice safe work habits
• Dispose of oily rags and other flammable
• waste in fire-proof containers
• Prevent fires – don’t fight them
HOW TO ACT DURING A FIRE
DRILL.

STAY CALM.
Treat the alert is if it were a
real fire.
Stop what you're doing.
Start moving out of the building
CLOSE THE DOOR
Leave the lights on.
Move to the nearest exits.
CHEAK THE DOORS FOR HEAT
TAKE THE STAIRS
Watch for "smoke" signs
Clear the sidewalks.
MOVE TO SAFE DISTANCE
Wait for the all-clear
• Determine what is burning.
• Use the right type of extinguisher for fighting
the fire. Use the fire extinguisher only if you
have attended practical training.
• Always position yourself with an exit or means
of escape behind you before you attempt to
use an extinguisher to put out a fire
• If the person who notices the fire feels that it
cannot be tackled by extinguishers, he can
directly inform the fire station without delay.
• On hearing the alarm evacuate the building
and assemble at the designated assembly
point.
• As you evacuate close the doors of the
rooms(do not lock) as this will slow down the
spread of smoke and fire.
 Emergency Response

1)While moving out of the building

always use stairways.

2)Do not use lifts, they may fail mid way

trapping people inside
 Precautions

•Keep fire doors of the staircase closed. If kept

open, heat and smoke will enter the staircase
during fire and prevent escape of occupants
TYPES OF CONTROL
VALVES
OTHER FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION

ALARMS
OTHER FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION

DETECTORS & STOBES

OTHER FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION

FIRE DOORS
OTHER FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION

SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS
SNAPSHOT.
Fire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce the destruction
caused by fire. Fire safety measures include those that are intended to
prevent ignition of an uncontrolled fire, and those that are used to limit
the development and effects of a fire after it starts.
threatened by fire to survive in and.
Evacuate from affected areas, or to
reduce the damage caused by a fire
Fire safety measures include those
that are planned during the
construction of a building or
implemented in structures that are
already standing, and those that are
taught to occupants of the building.
SMOKE AND WATER DAMAGE.
Who is responsible for Fire Safety in a business?
A. If you are the owner, employer or landlord then you are
responsible for Fire Safety and are classed as the ‘Responsible
Person’. The Responsible Person must;
Carry out a Fire Risk Assessment.
Consider people who may be at particularly risk
Eliminate or reduce any Fire Risks as far as possible
Provide Fire precautions to deal with any remaining risk
Put in place any additional Fire Safety measures where
flammable or explosive materials are stored
Create an emergency plan and document their findings
Review their findings as necessary.
Imperial Fire & Safety Inc. is one of the most reliable fire protection companies for commercial,
industrial and residential areas. We will protect you and your business from any fire emergency
using top notch equipment which includes fire alarms, fire sprinklers, fire extinguishers, fire
hydrants, standpipe systems, special suppression systems, fire pumps, exit signs and emergency
lighting systems. We are experts in fire inspection, fire monitoring, fire and safety systems,
training, fire equipment, fire products, fire evacuation plans, and NFPA Compliance. Our fire
safety company is one of the best fire protection equipment suppliers, fire service
companies, fire protection service providers, and fire suppression contractors in the Greater
Vancouver British Columbia.
 Fire Safety - Theory Module

•An introduction to fire safety

Types of fire alarms
Evacuation
•Policies and information
•Your part in fire safety
 Introduction
•Fire safety in clinical areas within the hospital follows guidance issued
by the NHS in the Health Technical Memorandum 05 (HTM05) suite of
documents (Fire Code)

•In non-clinical areas, statutory fire prevention legislation applies

(Regulatory Reform [Fire Safety] Order 2005).
 Types of Alarms
Single-Stage alarms only have the ability to sound continuously
throughout the building.
They do not identify the exact location or area of the alarm within
the building.

Single stage alarms that are 'Stand alone' are not directly linked to the
switchboard
 TWO STAGE ALARM
Two-stage alarms have the ability to sound continuously in the
area affected and intermittently in other areas that the alarm
covers.
This allows identification of the area involved, but not the precise
location
 Analogue Addressable Alarms
Analogue addressable alarms have the ability to sound
continuously in the area involved and intermittently in the other
areas covered by the alarm.
This alarm identifies not only the area involved but also the
precise location
 Portable Extinguishers - FIRE
BLANKET
Fire Blankets are used to smother chip pan, waste bin and deep
fat fires.
In addition, a fire blanket can also be used to wrap around the
body of a person and smother the flames if their clothes are on
fire.
 Fixed Installations
These include:
•Water sprinkler - this is a system of pipes through which water is
delivered to the sprinkler heads.
•Carbon Dioxide - an example of this would be fitted in the main
electrical intake rooms for the hospital.
•Inergen - this would be fitted into a computer server and power
supply room.
 Fire Exits
Ensure that you know the evacuation routes from your area of
work and where they lead to. These routes and exits need to
be available at all times that the building is occupied.
Be aware of obstructions or alterations to these routes and
report if necessary .

Evacuation of Office Staff, Day Clinics and Units

 Primary objective of evacuation
•To remove persons (staff or
patients) from danger to a place
of safety via recognized escape
routes.

•Under no circumstances should

lifts (elevators) be used in the
event of fire. Fire can cause
damage to the mechanism and
the lift could become trapped
 Evacuation of Wards and Theatres
During the evacuation of Wards and
Theatres, the senior member of staff will
assess the situation and may order:
•That everyone should stay put
•Choose progressive, horizontal evacuation
•If the demand is necessary, further
evacuation will be horizontal or vertical
using the escape equipment provided.

Under no circumstances should lifts (elevators) be

used in the event of fire. Fire can cause damage to
the mechanism and the lift could become stuck
 Evacuation - NON-MOBILE PATIENTS
•Evacuate as required
•Identified evacuation methods
•Progressive horizontal evacuation
•Places of refuge leading to a final exit
•Identified relocation areas.
Evacuation Example 1 - Ski Sheet
This is a device referred to as a
ski sheet, which is attached to
the underside of a mattress by
elasticised corners and is used to
evacuate patients down stairs or
through narrow doorways which
beds cannot negotiate
 Evacuation Example 2 - Ski Sheet

This is an example of a ski

sheet being used to evacuate
a patient through a narrow
doorway.

Evacuation Example 3- Ski Sheet

This is an example of a ski sheet
being used to evacuate a patient.
This particular method is also
ideal for evacuating patients
down staircases
 Evacuation Example 4 - Wheelchair
This is used to evacuate non-
mobile patients to a safe
area on the same floor level

Evacuation Example 5- Bed

This is used to evacuate
non mobile patients to a
safe area on the same
floor level.
 Fire Safety - POLICY and
PROCEDURES
You should be aware of the Trust Policies
and Procedures. These are available on
the St. Mary's Intranet or from your
manager.
•Fire Policy (Including guidelines on
Arson, Bombs and/or Suspect Packages)
•Fire Plans/Procedures (FPP)
•COSHH (Control Of Substances
Hazardous to Health)
 Your Part in Fire Safety
•You have now reached the end of the tutorial section of the Fire Safety e-
learning module.
•Clicking the 'Finish>' button (right) will take you to the next page allowing
you to choose to either review the material once again, to take the module
test or return to the home page course listing.
•If you decide to take the test now, you must complete it. That is to say, you
cannot answer the first 5 questions and return to complete the remaining
questions at a later date.
.

1.Which substance give heat and light after combustion

a. Flame
b. Fuel
c. Combustion
d. None of these
2. Like fuel the sun also provides heat and light. The process taking place in the sun is called
a. Combustion
b. Nuclear process
c. Burning
d. All of these
3. Coal burns with ______
a. Flame
b. Only glow
c. Both flame and glow
d. None of these
4. Burning of charcoal in a closed room will produce
a. Carbon dioxide
b. Nitrogen dioxide
c. Carbon monoxide
d. All of these
5. The substances which have very low ignition temperature will
a. Catch fire easily
b. Will not catch fire
c. Catch fire after some time
d. None of these
6. CNG and LPG are the examples of
a. Solid fuels
b. Liquid fuels
c. Gaseous fuels
d. They are not fuels
7. Ignition temperature is
a. Lowest temperature at catch fire
b. Higher temperature at catch fire
c. Any temperature
d. None of these
8. Combustion is a
a. Chemical process
b. Physical process
c. Both of these processes
d. None of these processes
9. The products of combustion are
a. Carbon dioxide and water
b. Oxygen and water
c. Only carbon dioxide
d. Only oxygen
10. There are following zones of a flame
a. Two
b. Three
c. Four
d. No any zone
ANSWERS
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. B
Thanking You.