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Levers System
Muscular Physics
Movement
• The physical constraints to movement
– gravity and frictional drag
– occur in every environment, differing only in
degree
• Involves skeletal and muscular systems
– Muscle have microtubules and microfilaments
• Needs energy
Types of Skeletal Systems
Changes in movement occur because muscles pull
against a support structure, called the skeletal
system
-Zoologists recognize three types:
-Hydrostatic skeletons
-Exoskeletons
-Endoskeletons
3
Hydrostatic Skeletons
Are found primarily in soft-bodied invertebrates,
both terrestrial and aquatic
Locomotion in earthworms
-Involves a fluid-filled central cavity and
surrounding circular & longitudinal muscles
-A wave of circular followed by longitudinal
muscle contractions move fluid down body
-Produces forward movement
4
Hydrostatic Skeletons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Longitudinal muscles
Anterior
Longitudinal muscles
Circular muscles contract, and segments
Longitudinal muscles contracted catch up
5
Hydrostatic Skeletons
Locomotion in aquatic invertebrates
-Occurs by fluid ejections or jetting
-Jellyfish produce regular pulsations in bell
-Squeezing some of water contained
beneath it
-Squids fill mantle cavity with sea water
-Muscular contractions expel water
forcefully through the siphon, and the
animal shoots backward 6
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Jellyfish
propelled
Bell upward
Contractile fibers Bell
pulsates
Water
Water expelled
enters from bell
bell
a.
Squid
propelled
Water expelled backward
from siphon 7
b.
Exoskeletons
The exoskeleton surrounds the body as a rigid
hard case
-Composed of chitin in arthropods
An exoskeleton provides protection for internal
organs and a site for muscle attachment
-However, it must be periodically shed, in order
for the animal to grow
-It also limits body size
8
Endoskeletons
Endoskeletons are rigid internal skeletons that
form the body’s framework and offer surfaces
for muscle attachment
-Echinoderms have calcite skeletons, that are
made of calcium carbonate
-Bone, on the other hand, is made of
calcium phosphate
9
Endoskeletons
Vertebrate endoskeletons have bone and/or
cartilage
-Bone is much stronger than cartilage, and much
less flexible
Unlike chitin, bone and cartilage are living tissues
-They can change and remodel in response to
injury or physical stress
10
Joints
Joints are the locations where one bone meets
another
Immovable Joint
Bone
Suture
Fibrous
connective
tissue
a.
Slightly Movable Joints Freely Movable Joint
Fibrous Joints
Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Fibrous Articular cartilage
joints
Cartilaginous Joints c.
Body of
vertebra
Intervertebral
disk
Articular
cartilage
12
b.
Joints
Movable joints can be divided into four types
-Ball-and-socket joints = Permit movement in
all directions
-Hinge joints = Allow movement in only one
plane
-Gliding joints = Permit sliding of one surface
over another
-Pivot joints = Allow rotation
13
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. b. c.
Combination Joint
14
d.
The Muscular System
Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body
– serratus (saw-toothed)
– rhomboideus (rhomboid,
4 parallel sides)
– orbicularis and
Rhomboideus
sphincters (circular)
major
Serratus anterior
Muscles Named by Size
• maximus (largest) Psoas
minor
• minimis (smallest)
• longus (longest)
Psoas
• brevis (short) major
• major (large)
• minor (small)
Muscles Named by Direction of Fibers
• Rectus
(straight)-
parallel to long Rectus
axis abdominis
• Transverse
• Oblique
External
oblique
Muscles Named for Number of
Origins
• Biceps (2)
• Triceps (3)
Biceps
brachii
• Quadriceps (4)
Muscles Named for Origin and
Insertion
Sternocleidomastoid
originates from sternum
and clavicle and inserts insertion
on mastoid process of
temporal bone
origins
Muscles Named for Action
• Resistance:
– the force that opposes movement
– the load or object (bone or tissue) to be moved
• Effort:
– the force exerted to achieve a movement
– the effort is provided by muscle(s)
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