Muscular Considerations for Movement

 No Class on Friday
 Videorecorded PPT presentation of journal
article due on 20 Oct at Dropbox
 You can choose to be seen in the frame of the
camera, or you can do a screen capture video
recording
 Max 10 mins
MUSCLES

USES:
-hold a position
-Raise or lower a body part
-slow down a fast-moving segment
-generate great speed in the body or in an
object propelled to the air
 Muscle Tissue Properties

Irritability Extensibility

Contractility Elasticity
 FUNCTIONS
Produce Movement
Maintain Postures & Positions

Stabilize Joints

Other Functions:

-support visceral organs

-help control pressure in cavities
-maintenance of body heat
-controls entrance & exits to the body
Muscle Groups
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT
fascicles parallel to the long axis of the muscle
-muslce length = fiber length
-bigger ROM

1)Flat- forces can be spread over a large area

e. rectus abdominis

2)Fusiform-allows for force transmission to bony

sites
e.g. brachialis, biceps brachii

3) Strap- allowas for force transmission to targeted

sites e.g sartorius
Muscle Architecture
4) Radiant/ Convergent- flat + fusiform
eg. pectoralis major, trapeze

5) Circular-surroundings openings
e.g. orbicularis oris
PENNIFORM ARRANGEMENTS

-fibers diagonally with respect to a central

tendon running the length of a muscle
(feather-like)

* fibers shorter than muscle- changed in

indie finer length is not equal to change
in muscle length
1) Unipennate- runs diagonally off one side
of tendone.g. e.g. biceps femoris, semi
membranosus
2) bipennate- of both sides of tendon
e.g. rectus femoris, vastus lateralis

3) multipennate- unipennate + bipennate

e.g. deltoid, gluteus maximus
PENNATION ANGLE
 GREATER PENNATION ANGLE
=smaller the amount of force transmitted to the tendon

With every contraction, Pennation angle increases

SO.. LOWER FORCE-PRODUCING CAPABILITIES

 MUSCLE POTENTIAL
can be calculated from

Muscle mass

Muscle length

Surface Pennation Angle

through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Ultrasonography

MUSCLE FIBERS
TYPE 1 TYPE 2A TYPE 2B

INTERMEDIATE TRUE FAST

SLOW FAST STWITCH

RED RED WHITE

OXIDATIVE-
OXIDATIVE GLYCOLYTIC
GLYCOLYTIC
SUSTAINED
LONG, LOW RAPID FORCE
ACTIVITY or BURST
INTENSITY WORK PRODUCTION
OF FORCE

ENDURANCE
 REVIEW OF THE
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=BMT4PtXRCVA
SLIDING FILAMENT
THEORY
In Huxley's sliding filament theory, when calcium is
released into the muscle through neurochemical
stimulation, the contracting process begins.

The sarcomere contracts as the myosin filament

walks along the actin filament, forming cross-bridges
between the head of the myosin and a prepared site
on the actin filament.
 In the contracted
state, the actin and
myosin filaments
overlap along most
of their lengths
MOTOR UNIT
ACTION
POTENTIA
L
**The size of the action potential and resulting muscle
action are proportional to the number of fibers in the
motor unit.

**An increase in output of force from the muscle

requires an increase in the number of motor units
activated
a twitch occurs- single stimulus given

When a series of stimuli is given, muscle force

increases to an uneven plateau or unfused tetanus.

As the frequency of stimuli increases, the muscle

force ultimately reaches a limit, or tetanus.
TENDON
 TENDON
 Connects muscle to bone
 Composed of DENSE, REGULAR connective tissue
consisting of bundles of UNIDIRECTIONAL COLLAGEN
FIBERS
 Can withstand high, unidirectional tensile loads when
attached muscle contracts
 -can carry large loads via connections where
fibers connect to bone
-can resist stretch, are flexible and can turners
over a cartilage, bones or bursa

contains inelastic bundles of collagen

arranged parallel to the direct application
of force

Can withstand high tensile forces produced by muscles

EXHIBIT VISCO-ELASTIC BEHAVIOR

IN RESPONSE TO LOADING
Tendons Influence the
development of
maximum force in a
muscle

FORCE-TIME
Characteristic
 ROLES OF MUSCLES

Origin vs Insertion

Origin: proximal
non-movable part ?

Insertion: Distal
the moving portion with muscular action?
 Muscle force is
generated and applied to
both skeletal connections
resulting to movement of
one or both

The reason that both bones do

not move when a muscle
contracts is the STABILIZING
force of adjacent muscles or the
DIFFERENCE IN MASS of the
segments the muscle is attached
MUSCLE ACTIONS CREATING , OPPOSING
& STABILIZING MOVEMENTS

AGONIST ANTAGONIST
muscles
muscles opposing or
creating same producing the opposite
joint movement joint movement

must relax to allow

movement

or contract concurrently
Antagonist more prone to with an agonist to slow
injury at muscle down movement
attachment/fiber
 STABILIZER
NEUTRALIZER
acting in one segment so
that a specific movement a muscle contracts to
in an adjacent joint can eliminate an undesired
occur joint action of another
muscle.

e.g, Role of Glutes e.g. Role of Gluteus

in stabilising the Minimus & TFL to cancel
pelvic girdle the external rotation of leg
because of the Gluteus
Max n Leg extension
STABILIZATION
NEUTRALIZING FUNCTION
 In arm abduction, the deltoid is the agonist because it is
responsible for the abduction movement. The latissimus dorsi
is the antagonistic muscle because it resists abduction. There
are also muscles stabilizing in the region so the movement can
occur. Here, the trapezius is shown stabilizing and holding the
scapula in place. Last, there may be some neutralizing action:
The teres minor may neutralize via external rotation any
internal rotation produced by the latissimus dorsi.
NET MUSCLE ACTION
 EFFORT/MUS RESISTANCE
EFFECT ON
CULAR VS (GRAVITY,
LOAD) MUSCLE
OUTPUT

ISOMETRIC STAY THE

EQUAL
SAME

ECCENTRIC LESS THAN LENGTHEN

GREATER
CONCENTRIC SHORTEN
THAN
 FORCE-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIPS

IN CONCENTRIC ACTION:

In concentric muscle action, velocity increases

at the expense of a decrease in force and vice
versa. The maximum force can be generated at
zero velocity, and the maximum velocity can be
achieved with the lightest load.
IN ECCENTRIC ACTION

If a load is as high as 50% greater than the

isometric maximum, the muscle elongates at a
high velocity. In eccentric muscle action, the
tension increases with the speed of lengthening
because the muscle is stretching as it contracts
(Fig. 3-27). The eccentric force-velocity curve
ends abruptly at some lengthening velocity when
the muscle can no longer control the movement
of the load.
 Optimal Length for Tension

- is slightly greater than the resting length

- because the contractile components are optimally

producing tension and the passive components are
storing elastic energy and adding to the total tension
in the unit

- This relationship lends support for placing the muscle

on a stretch before using the muscle for a joint
action.
 One of the major purposes of a windup
or preparatory phase is to put the muscle
on stretch to facilitate output from the
muscle in the movement.
How does the tension in the active and passive
components contribute to force generation in
the muscle?

1 At less than 50% of resting length, the muscle

cannot develop contractile force.

2 At normal resting length, the active tension

generated in the muscle contributes the most to the
muscle force. Some slight passive elastic tension also
contributes.

3 Beyond resting length, the passive tension offsets

some of the decrement in the active muscle force.

4 With additional stretching of the muscle, the passive

tension accounts for most of the force generation.
NEURAL ACTIVATION OF MUSCLE FIBERS

2B (True Fast Twitch)

-can produce the highest amount of force
-highest velocity of contraction in muscles
with Fast twitch fibers
STRETCH-SHORTEN CYCLE
PLYOMETRICS