MATH ZC233 / PE ZC233

CALCULUS
BITS Pilani Dr. Pradeep Boggarapu
Department of Mathematics
K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Outline

• What is flipped mode?

• Overview of the course, Calculus.

• Evaluation Scheme.

• Introduction to the topic “Functions”.

Pradeep B BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Flipped mode

• All lectures for the course have been recorded.

• You are supposed to watch those video

lectures.

• And attend the Contact Hours.

• Solve the problems and ask your doubts.

Pradeep B BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Calculus (MATH ZC233 / PE ZC233)

• Text book
• T1: Dennis G. Zill and Warren S. Wright, “Advanced Engineering
Mathematics”, Fourth Edition, Jones & Bartlett, 2011.

• Reference Book(s) & other resources

• R1: George B. Thomas, Maurice D Weir and Joel Hass, “Thomas’
Calculus”, 12th edition, Pearson education, Oxford University Press,
2010.

• R2: Rudra Pratap, “Getting Started with MATLAB: A Quick

Introduction for Scientists and Engineers”, 2010.

Pradeep B BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Overview

• The courses divided into six modules.

• M1: One Dimensional Calculus.
• M2: Fourier series.
• M3: Partial Derivatives.
• M4: ODE Solution- Analytical methods.
• M5: ODE Solution-Numerical methods.
• M6: PDE Solution-Analytical Methods:

Pradeep B BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Evaluation Scheme

No Name Type Duration Weight Day, Date, Session, Time

EC-1 Assignment-I 1 week 10% February 1 to 10, 2018

Assignment-II 1 week 10% March 20 to 30, 2018

EC-2 Mid-Semester Test Closed 2 hours 30% 24/02/2018 (AN) 2 PM – 4 PM

Book
EC-3 Comprehensive Exam Open Book 3 hours 50% 07/04/2018 (AN) 2 PM – 5 PM

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Functions
• Functions are tools for describing the real world in
mathematical terms.
• A function 𝑓 from a set 𝐷to a set 𝑌is a rule that assigns a
unique (single) element 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑌 to each element 𝑥 ∈ D .

• A function can be represented by an equation, a graph, a

numerical table, or a verbal description.

• The set D of all possible input values is called the domain of

the function. The set of all output values of ƒ(x) as x varies
throughout D is called the range of the function

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Functions

• Examples:

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Preliminaries
Intervals
Let a, b  Rwwith a  b. Then
[a, b]   x  R : a  x  b , the closed interval.
(a, b]   x  R : a  x  b , the semi-open interval.
(, b]   x  R : x  b , the closed infinite interval.
(, b)   x  R : x  b , the open infinite interval.
R  (, )   x : x  R , both open and
closed infinite interval.

1/19/2018
J.K. Sahoo BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Intervals

[a, b) 
(a, b) 
(a,  ) 
[a,  ) 

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Preliminaries

Neighborhood
A neighborhood of a point c is an open interval
(c   , c   ) for some  >0.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Preliminaries

Absolute value
The absolute value of x  R is defined as
x if x  0
x 
 x if x  0

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Preliminaries

Properties on absolute value

If a, b  R Then the followings are true:
(i). | a || a | .
(ii). | ab || a || b | .
a |a|
(iii).  if b  0.
b |b|
(iv) | a  b || a |  | b | .
(v) | a  b ||| a |  | b || .

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Preliminaries

Further Properties
Let x  R and a  0. Then
(i) | x | a if and only if (iff) x   a.
Similarly
| x | a iff ,
| x | a iff ,
| x | a iff ,
x | a iff .
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Solving Inequalities
6  x 3x  4
(i) 
4 2

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Preliminaries
Solving Inequalities
2
(ii) 4 3
x

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Preliminaries
Solving Inequalities
1 1
(iii) x 
2

9 4

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Preliminaries
Solving Inequalities

(iv) x 2  x  2  0

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Preliminaries
Solving Inequalities
1
(iv) If | x | 3 and x  , what can you
2
say about x ?

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Preliminaries
Solving Inequalities
(iv) If | x | 3 or x  2, what can you
say about x ?

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Preliminaries

Theorems(Proving equality from inequality):

Let a, b  R.
(i) If for each   0, a  b   , then a  b.
(i) If for each   0, |a |  , then a  0.

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Preliminaries

Note:Ways of proving a statement

A. Method of contradiction
B. Method of induction
C. Method of contrapositive

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Preliminaries

Proof (i):

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Cartesian Plane

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Graphs of Functions

• If 𝑓 is a function with domain D, its graph

consists of the points in the Cartesian plane
whose coordinates are the input-output pairs
for 𝑓. In set notation, the graph is
{ 𝒙, 𝒇 𝒙 : 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫} .
• Examples: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2.

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Slope of a non vertical line
y2  y1
The constant m  is called the
x2  x1
slope of the non trivial line P2 P2 .
P2 ( x2 , y2 )

P1 ( x1 , y1 )

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Point Slope equation

The equation y  y1  m( x  x1 ) is called the

point-slope equation of the line that passes
through the point ( x1 , y1 ).

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Line through two point
The equation of line which passes through
two points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by
y2  y1
y  y1  ( x  x1 ).
x2  x1

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Slope-intercept equation

The equation y  mx  b is called the

slope-intercept equation of the line
with slope m and y - intercept b.

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Exercise
Find the equation of line which passes
through (1,1) with slope  1.

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Exercise
Find the equation of line which passes
through (8, 0) and (1,3).

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Exercise
Find the equation of line which passes
1 
through  , 4  and has no slope.
3 

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Exercise

Find the equation of line which has

slope 5 and y -intercept is  2.

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Exercise

Find the equation of line which has

y -intercept is  6 and x-intercept is 2.

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Graphical representation:
• Draw the graphs of the following functions:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, for 𝑥 ∈ [−3,3].
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , for 𝑥 ∈ [−3, 3].

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Exercises:

(a) y  1  x 2

(b) y   1  x 2

(c) x 2  y 2  1

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Exercises:
(d) Semicircle to the
right of y - axix

(e) Semicircle to the

left of y - axix

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Exercises:
Find largest subset of R which may serve as
domain, range for the following functions:
(i) y  x 2

(ii) y  x
(iii) y  2 x
(iv) y  3  x2

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples:
 x if x  0
 2
y   x if 0  x  1
1 if x  0


1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples: x if 0  x  1
y
2  x if 1  x  2

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples(floor function):
y   x   n if n  x  n  1 for all n  N.

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples(ceiling function):
y   x   n  1 if n  x  n  1 for all n  N.

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples(Greatest inter function):
y   x  n if n  x  n  1 for all n N.

Note: Same as floor function

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples(Power functions):
y  x n , n  1, 2,3, 4,5

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples(Power functions):
y  x n , n  1, 2.

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples(Exponential functions):
y  e x / a x , a  0.

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples(Logarithm function):
y  log e ( x).

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples(Trigonometric functions):
y  sin( x), y  cosec( x).

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Examples(Trigonometric functions):
y  cos( x), y  sec( x).

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Inverse function:

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Preliminaries
Plotting by using MATHEMATICA Software

http://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/Math.html

1/19/2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus