BENDING STRESSES

(TEGASAN LENTUR)
CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION
 Structurally, the branch – under the
load of its mass, the fruits and leaves -
experiences certain stresses similar to
those the cantilever arm of the hoist
THE FLEXURE FORMULA
 The man (that is a load) creates a
bending moment in the plank, which
causes a bending stress in the plank as it
bends
 When a beam is loaded and bends
 Its longitudinal bent into curve
 Upper surface become shortened
(compression)
 Lower surface extended (tension)

Before Bend
After Bend
Relationship between the bending moment
and the flexure stress

Before bending, the beam:

1. is initially straight.
2. is of a uniform cross section.
3. is of homogeneous material and obeys Hooke's Law.
4. has the same modulus of elasticity in tension and compression.

In bending:
1. All loads and support reactions are co-planar and
perpendicular to the beam axis.
2. Plane cross sections remain plane.
3. The beam must not twist.
4. The elastic limit is not exceeded.
 Neutral Plane
 Plane at intermediate between the surface which
unchange in length when beam is bent.
 The line where the plane cut the cross section of
the beam is neutral axis.

Neutral axis
Consider..

 A beam, initially straight before bending, and is

being bent by the application of moment M
 Internal moment-resist bending so that the
beam is in equilibrium
 If applied bending moment result in neutral
axis having radius r, then for the segment
C’D’( Arc length= radius x angle subtended)
C’D’ = r
 Neutral axis H’ y G’
A’ B’
M M
C’ D’
H G
A B E’ F’

Neutral Axis
C D

E F r
 
E , 
A' B'AB A' B'C' D'  E
 
AB C' D '  y 
(r  y)  r y
 
  E r
r r Ey

r
Continue…
 Stress variation across beam section. (Next figure)
Stress action:
- normal to cross section of beam
- proportional to its distance from
neutral axis
THE GENERAL BENDING FORMULA
 Consider any plane in the beam with cross section as
shown in the figure.
 The stress on a fibre at distance y from the N.A. is

Ey
 ,
r
dF  dA
 Ey 
dF   dA
 r 
 Total moment for the whole cross section is

dM  ydF M   dM
Ey E 2
dF  dA M   y dA
r r
 Ey  E 2
M   y dA
dM  y    dA  r
 r 
Ey 2
dM  dA
r
 term ∫y2dA=I, which known as the second
moment of area.
E 2
M   y dA
r
EI
M
r
M  E
 
I y r
My

I
• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc
m 
I

My
x  
I
AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA

 the quantity I is known as the area moment of

inertia, or simply the moment of inertia.
 It is also called the second moment of area.
 The moment of inertia of an area about any
axis is defined as the sum of the products
obtained by multiplying each element of the
area by the square of its distance from the
axis.
Second Moment of Area
d
2

I   y 2 bdy
b d
A B dA 
2
d
dy 2

y  b  y 2 dy
d N.A d

2
d
C D y  3 2
 b 
 3   d2
I   y dA
2

bd 3
dA  bdy 
12
Parallel-axis Theorem (Teorem Paksi Selari)

 This theorem states that for any area A, given the

centroidal moment of inertia I, the moment of inertia
about another parallel axis in the plane of the area and
y units away is equal to

I  I  Ah 2
 dA

y’
C
x’ x’ (N.A)

y
h

x x

I x   y 2 dA
First moment,
y  y' h Qx’=Ay’
= A(0)
I x   ( y' h ) 2 dA =0
(the centroid

I x  ( y' ) 2  2 y' h  h 2 dA

located on that
axis)

I x   ( y' ) 2 dA  2h  y' dA  h 2 dA
I x  I x '  Ah 2
Example 3.1:
Dapatkan momen luas kedua bagi keratan rentas rasuk berikut:
20mm
200mm
A B

h=140mm

300mm
20mm

C D
  200  300   90  260 
3 3

I N.A     2 
 12   12 
 186,360,000mm 4

 1.86 10  4 m 4
 200 20m
A B
m
mm
h=140
Teorem Paksi Selari:
mm
300
mm 20m
m
A i y i (200  300)(150)  2(90  260)(150)
y  C D
A i (200  300)  2(90  260)
y  150mm

I x  I x '  Ah 2
bd3
Ix   Ah 2
12
 200  3003    90  2603  
I x     ( 200)(300)(150  150)   2 
2
  (90)(260)(150  150) 
2

 12   12 
 
I x  186, 360, 000mm 4  1.86  104 m 4
Example 3.2:
200mm

300mm

200mm 120mm

100mm
 
(200  300)(150)  ( 1202 )( 200)
A i y i 4
y 
A i 
(200  300)  ( 120 2 )
4
y  138.39mm (from bottom)

I x  I x '  Ah 2
bd 3
Ix   Ah 2
12
 200  3003      120    
4

I x     (200)(300)(150  138.4)    

2
   ( 120 )( 200  138.4) 
2 2

 12    4  2   4 
I x  404,979,377.3mm 4  405 10 6 mm 4  4.05 10  4 m 4
Example 3.3:

A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kN-m couple.

Knowing E = 165 GPa and neglecting the effects of fillets,
determine (a) the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses, (b) the radius of curvature.
SOLUTION:

• Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the

location of the section centroid and moment of inertia.

Y 
 yA
A
 
I x   I  A d 2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the maximum

tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90  1800 50 90 103
2 40  30  1200 20 24 103
3
 A  3000  yA  114 10

3
 yA 114 10
Y    38 mm (from bottom line x)
A 3000

I x   I  A h 2    121 bd 3  A h 2 
 121 90  203  1800 12 2   121 30  403  1200 182 
I  868 103 mm  868  10 -9 m 4
SOLUTION: (cont..)

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the

maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A  76.0 MPa
A  
I 868 10 9 m 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m  B  131.3 MPa
B   
I 868 10 9 m 4

b. Radius of curvature.

1/ ρ = M/EI = 3 kNm/ (165 GPa)(868 x 10-9) m4

= 20.95 x 10-3 m-1
ρ = 47.7 m
Example 3.4
Example 3.5
( from top )
 Composite Beam

 Consider a composite beam formed from two materials with

E1 and E2.
 Examples of composite beam
Bimetallic Plastic coated
steel pipe

Wood reinforced Sandwich - plastic

with steel plate core
 1 1=E11

x

2 2=E22

 Flexural stress in nonhomogeneous beam;

MyE1 MyE2
 x1   x2 
E1 I1  E2 I 2 E2 I 2  E1 I1
Transformed-Section Method

Assume that Est > Ew so σst > σw

2 steel
3 At interface (3),
stress in steel, (σst)3 = Est ԑst
stress in wood, (σw)3 = Ew ԑw

1 wood Ratio of the stresses,

 st 3 Est 

 wd 3 Ewd 
(σst)3 = n (σw)3

So, to transform the beam into material 1

E st E2
n 
E wd E1
Example: 2
Example 3.6

Bar is made from bonded pieces of steel (Es = 200GPa) and

brass (Eb = 100GPa). Determine the maximum stress in the
steel and brass when a moment of 4.5kN.m is applied.
SOLUTION:

• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section made

entirely of brass
• Evaluate the cross sectional properties of the transformed
section
• Calculate the maximum stress in the transformed section.
This is the correct maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
• Determine the maximum stress in the steel portion of the bar
by multiplying the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of elasticity.
SOLUTION:

• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross

section made entirely of brass.
Es 200GPa
n   2.0
Eb 100GPa
bT  b n  18mm  2.0  36mm
• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional
properties
I  12 b d  12 56mm 75mm 
1 3 1 3

 1.97 106 mm 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses
 
Mc 4.5 103 N .m 37.5 103 m  
b max   m  85.7MPa
m    85.7 MPa    n m  2  85.7MPa
I 1.97 10-6 m 4 s max

 171.4MPa
Example 3.7
Example 3.8