Académique Documents
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Digestion and
Metabolism
Overview of Carbohydrate
Digestion and Metabolism
Carbohydrates
•Carbohydrates are composed of carbon and water
and have a composition of (CH2O)n.
•The major nutritional role of carbohydrates is to
provide energy and digestible carbohydrates provide
4 kilocalories per gram.
energy
Carbon dioxide
Water GLUCOSE
Chlorophyll
a amylase
amylose
G G G G G G G G
GG GG G G
GG G
amylopectin
a Limit dextrins
Oligosaccharide digestion..cont
a Limit dextrins G
G G G
GG G sucrase
G G
maltase G
G Glucoamylase (maltase)
or G G G
a-dextrinase
G G a-dextrinase
GG G G
G
GG G
G
Small intestine
Portal for transport of virtually
all nutrients
Hexose transporter
apical basolateral
Carbohydrate
Absorption into
blood circulation
Digestion of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Do not need hydrolysis before absorption
Very little (if any) in most feeds
Di- and poly-saccharides
Relatively large molecules
Must be hydrolyzed prior to absorption
Hydrolyzed to monosaccharides
Maltase
Maltose Glucose + Glucose
Newborns have a
full complement of
brush-border
enzymes
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
Distributed to
Liver tissue through
circulation
Nutrient Absorption - Carbohydrate
Active transport for glucose and
galactose
Sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1)
Dependent on Na/K ATPase pump
Facilitated transport for fructose
Carbohydrate Digestion
in Ruminants
Ingested carbohydrates are exposed to
extensive pregastric fermentation
Most carbohydrates fermented by microbes
ADP
Catabolism
ATP
NADP+
in rumen:
VFA NADPH
CO2 Growth
CH4 Maintenance
Heat Replication
Bacterial Digestion of
Carbohydrates
Rumen:
Microbes attach to (colonize) fiber
components and secrete enzymes
Cellulose, hemicellulose digested by cellulases and
hemicellulases
Complex polysaccharides are digested to yield
sugars that are fermented to produce VFA
Starches and simple sugars are more rapidly
fermented to VFA
Protozoa engulf starch particles prior to
digesting them
Ruminant Carbohydrate Digestion
Small Intestine
Secretion of digestive enzymes
Digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
Further digestion of carbohydrates
Absorption of H2O, minerals, amino acids, glucose,
fatty acids
Hexokinase
Pentose
Phosphate Glucose-6-P Glc-1- phosphate
Shunt
glycolysis
glycogen
Pyruvate
cytosol Pyruvate
mitochondria
(aerobic) Aceytl CoA
FATTY ACIDS
Krebs Reducing
cycle equivalents
AMINO
ACIDS
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
(ATP)
Control of enzyme activity
Stage 2 – postabsorptive
KEY – Maintain blood glucose
Glycogenolysis
Glucogneogenesis
Lactate
Pyruvate
Glycerol
AA
Propionate
Spare glucose by metabolizing fat
Stage 5 – Starvation
Carbohydrate Metabolism/
Utilization- Tissue Specificity
Muscle – cardiac and skeletal
Oxidize glucose/produce and store glycogen (fed)
Nervous system
Always use glucose except during extreme fasts
Reproductive tract/mammary
Glucose required by fetus
Glucose
Short-chain fatty acids produced by microbes
- Rumen, cecum, colon
3 basic types:
O O O
CH3 C CH3 CH2 C CH3 CH2 CH2 C
O– O– O–
Rumen
Propionate Acetate
Butyrate
_____________________________________________
Blood Amino Acids Fatty Acids
Glucose
_____________________________________________
Tissue Protein Lactose Fat
Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
Ruminant vs. Monogastrics
Digestive Feature Ruminant Non ruminant
Salivary amylase Zero High – primates
Moderate – pig
Low - carnivores
Pregastric fermentation High+ Zero in MOST cases
Gastric Very low Very low
Pancreatic amylase Moderate High
in SI
Glucose absorption Zero to High
from SI low
Post SI Low Low to High