Advanced Earthquake Resisting

Techniques
 Introduction
• Earthquake-resistant design of structures has grown into a true
multi-disciplinary field of engineering wherein many exciting
developments are possible in the near future. Most notable among
these are:
• (a) a complete probabilistic analysis and design approach;
• (b) performance-based design codes;
• (c) multiple annual probability hazard maps for response spectral
accelerations and peak ground accelerations with better
characterization of site soils, topography, near-field effects; (d) new
structural systems and devices using non-traditional civil
engineering materials and techniques; and
• (e) new refined analytical tools for reliable prediction of structural
response, including nonlinearity, strength and stiffness degradation
due to cyclic loads, geometry effects and more importantly, effects
of soil–structure interaction.
Seismic Control Systems
Seismic control systems refer to those modern techniques in Earthquake
Resistant Design that prevent or divert a major portion of earthquake
energy from entering into the main structural
system of the structure by applying various techniques. Generally there
are three types of Seismic Control Systems:
1. Passive Seismic Control
2. Active Seismic Control
3. Hybrid Seismic Control
 Unconventional Earthquake
Protective Systems
Earthquake Protective Systems

Passive Protective Systems Hybrid Protective Systems Active Protective Systems

Tuned Mass Damper Active Isolation Active Mass Damping

Energy Dissipation Semi-Active Isolation Active Bracing

Base Isolation Semi-Active Mass Damping Adaptive Control

Base Isolation is the most common System

Passive Seismic Control
Passive Seismic Control systems are passive in that they do not require
any additional energy source to operate and are activated by the
earthquake input motion only. Following are its examples;
1. Energy Dissipation Devices
2. Base Isolation Techniques
3. Dynamic Oscillators
Energy Dissipation Devices
Energy Dissipation Devices are the specially designed mechanical
systems to dissipate a large portion of the earthquake input energy in
specialized devices or special connection-details which deform or yield
during earthquakes.

1.Friction Dampers
these utilize frictional forces to dissipate energy
2.Metallic Dampers
utilize the deformation of metal elements within the damper
3.Viscoelastic Dampers
utilize the controlled shearing of solids
4.Viscous Dampers
utilized the forced movement (orificing) of fluids within the damper
 Most Common Types of Isolation
Components (Isolators)
Isolation Devices

Elastomeric Isolators Sliding Isolators

Natural Rubber Bearings Resilient Friction System

Low-Damping Rubber Bearings Friction Pendulum System

Lead-Plug Bearings

High-Damping Rubber Bearings

Base Isolation Techniques
Isolation of an entire structure's motion from the shaking ground below using flexible
interface between the structure and its foundation is another powerful technique; called
Base Isolation. Basic Principle of Seismic Base Isolation is to increase the Structure's
Natural Time Period leading to decrease its Natural Frequency of Vibration to that of its
corresponding fixed based structures and that of the predominant period of soil at the
site too.
Lead rubber base isolator
Dynamic Oscillators
This method includes supplemental oscillators which act as dynamic
absorbers. Tuned Mass Dampers, TMD fall in this category. TMD, with
its frequency of vibration tuned to the exciting frequency is attached/
connected to the main structural system. It imparts opposing inertial
forces to that of the external vibrating forces acting on the structure.
While doing so, TMD's are simply maintaining its inertial property. In this
way, motion of the main structural system almost ceases or highly
diminishes
• Conclusion
• The development of new structural systems and devices will continue for base isolation, passive
energy dissipation and active control system, along with the proliferation of non traditional civil
engineering materials and techniques.
• Analytical tools for reliable prediction of structural response (essential tools in performance-
based design processes) will continue to improve and be updated frequently to include new
devices and materials.
• Assessing earthquake risk and improving engineering strategies to mitigate damages are the
only options before us.
• Geologists, seismologists and engineers are continuing their efforts to meet the requirements.
• the ultimate goal will remain the same: to design the perfect, but costeffective structure, that
behaves in a predictable and acceptable manner. The ongoing research and development
• activities in the area of EQRD of structures offer significant promise in realizing that goal in the
coming years.
Thank you