INTRODUCTION

O Respiration is the overall exchange of the

gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the atmosphere, the blood and the cells.

O It also remove particles from incoming air

and transport air to and from the lungs and
the air sacs where gases are exchanged.
Structure and Function
• External respiration, or ventilation,
brings oxygen into the lungs
• Internal respiration exchanges oxygen
and carbon dioxide between blood and
body cells
• Cellular respiration ( the process of
O2 utilization and CO2 production at the
cellular level)

Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights

reserved.
 NOSE
• The openings into the external nose is called
the nostrils or external nares.

• Nasal septum – nose is separated between

the R and the L nasal cavity.

• Coarse hairs line the vestibules of the nostrils

to filter out large dust particles in the air.
• Olfactory receptors are found in the superior
meatus

• Internal Nose has 3 functions:

• Air is warmed
• Moistened and filtered
• Olfactory stimuli are detected
 PHARYNX
• Muscular passageway commonly called the throat
• 2 Functions: Passageway for both food and air, and it
forms a resonating chamber for speech sound.

• Divided into 3:
– Nasopharynx
– Oropharynx
– Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx – located above the soft palate of the
mouth, contains adenoids and opening to Eustachian
tubes.
- It has 4 opening in its walls: 2 Eustachian tubes. It
also houses the pharyngeal tonsils. (air only)

-“Uvula – divide nasopharynx to oropharynx

• Oropharynx has 1 opening: the fauces or
connection to the mouth. It houses the
palatine and lingual tonsil. (air and food)

• Laryngopharynx “ voice box” connects with

the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx
anteriorly.
 LARYNX OR VOICE BOX
• It opens to allow respiration and closes to prevent
aspiration.

• The walls of the larynx are supported by 9 pieces of

cartilage; 3 are single and 3 are paired.

• Thyroid cartilage – is the largest single piece. It is

also called the Adam’s apple and usually large in
men.
• Epiglottis – is large, single leaf shaped
piece of cartilage. It pulls down over the
glottis when we shallow to keep food or
liquids from getting into the trachea.

• Cricoid cartilage – is a single ring of

cartilage that connects with the first
tracheal ring.
• The mucus membrane of larynx is arranged in
2 pairs of folds.

• The upper pair of the vestibular folds are false

vocal cords, and the lower pair is the vocal
folds or true vocal cords.

• The glottis is the opening over the true vocal

cords or larynx.
• Air coming from the lungs causes the vocal
cords to vibrate and produce sound. The
greater the volume of air, the louder the
sounds.

• Pitch is controlled by tension on the true vocal

cords. The stronger the tension, the higher the
pitch.
 TRACHEA OR WINDPIPE
• The trachea is a (length 11-13cm, diameter
1.5v-2.5 cm in adult) tubular passageway for
air and is located anterior to the esophagus.

• Its epithelium is pseudostratified, ciliated

columnar cells with goblet cells that produce
mucus and basal cells.
• Its smooth muscle and connective tissue are
encircled by incomplete rings of hyaline
cartilage shaped like a stack of C’s (16-20 c
shaped cartilage rings).

• The open part of the C’s faces the esophagus

and allows it to expand into the trachea
during swallowing.
• The closed part of the C’s forms a solid
support to prevent collapse of the trachea
wall.
• The area where the trachea divides into two
branches is called carina.

• If the foreign object gets caught in the

trachea, a cough reflex expels it.
 BRONCHI AND THE BRONCHIAL TREE

• Right lungs has a 3 lobes and the Left lungs

has a 2 lobes. Right larger and straighter than
left.

• Tertiary or segmental bronchi branch into the

smaller branches called bronchioles. It has no
longer connective tissue sheath
• Bronchioles finally branch into the smallest
branches called terminal bronchioles.

• Because this continuous branching of the

bronchi resembles a tree and its branches, it is
referred to as bronchial tree.
 TRACHEA

PRIMARY BRONCHI

SECONDARY BRONCHUS
(2 in Left lung, 3 in RIght lund)

TERTIARY BRONCHUS

BRONCHIOLES

Al veol ar Duct s

Al veol i
 Alveoli
• It is the functional cellular units of the lungs;
about half arise directly from the alveolar
ducts and are responsible for about 35% of
alveolar gas exchange.

• Alveoli produce surfactant, a phospholipid

substance found in the fluid lining the alveolar
epithelium
• Alveolar sac – form the last part of the
airway; they are surrounded by alveoli and are
responsible for 65% of alveolar gas exchange.

Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights

reserved.
 Structures of the Respiratory Zone

GAS
EXCHANGE
 Lungs (Right or Left)
• Main organ of respiration, lie within the
thoracic cavity on either side of the heart.

• Broad areas of the lungs resting in the

diaphragm is called the base; the narrow,
superior portion is the apex.

Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights

reserved.
Bronchopulmunary segments – the segment of the lung
tissue that each tertiary or segmental bronchi supplies.

• Each of these segments is divided into a number of

lobules wrapped in elastic connective tissue with a
lymphatic, arterioles, a venue and bronchioles from a
terminal bronchioles.
 The
lungs
 Chest wall
• Includes the: rib cage, intercostal muscles,
and diaphragm.

• The chest is shaped and supported by 12 pairs

of ribs and costal cartilages.

• Diaphragm – is the major muscle of

ventilation.
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights
reserved.
CHEST
WALL
LUNGS
LOWER RESPIRATORY
PLEURA

MEDIASTINUM

LOBES

BRONCHI AND
 Mechanics of Breathing
• Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the
lungs. Air moves from an area of higher pressure to
an area of lower pressure.

• Inspiration occurs when the diaphragm contracts

and the external intercostal muscles lift the ribcage,
thus increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

• Expiration occurs when the diaphragm relaxes and

the internal intercostal muscles depress the ribcage,
thus decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
Mechanics of Breathing
 Mechanics of Breathing
• Lungs tend to collapse because of the elastic recoil of
the connective tissue, and surface tension of the fluid
lining the alveoli.

• The lungs normally do not collapse because

surfactant reduces the surface tension of the fluid
lining the alveoli, and the visceral pleura tends to
adhere to the parietal pleura.
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
• There are four pulmonary volumes: tidal volume,
inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve
volume, and residual volume.

• The tidal volume refers to the volume of air that

goes into and out of the lungs during normal
respiration (about 500 cc).

• The inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air

that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of
the normal tidal volume (about 3000 cc). Additional
air to be inhaled
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
• The expiratory reserve volume is the additional
amount of air that can be expired forcefully (about
1100 cc).

• The residual volume is the volume of air left in the

lungs after maximum expiration. This is also known
as “dead space” (about 1200 cc).
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

• The vital capacity is the sum of the IRV, the TV and

the ERV. It is the maximum volume of air that a
person can expel from his respiratory tract after a
maximum inspiration (about 4600 cc).
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
• The inspiratory capacity is the amount of air that a
person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration
(about 3500 cc).
IC = TV + IRV

• The functional residual capacity is the amount of air

remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration
(about 2300 cc).
FRC = ERV + RV

• The total lung capacity is the sum of all the lung volumes
(about 5800 cc).
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

MAXIMUM
INSPIRATION

IRV
IC

VC TOTAL
LUNG
TV CAPACITY

ERV
MAXIMUM
EXPIRATION
FRC

RV RV
 Control of Breathing
“Normal breathing is rhythmic and involuntary”
• Respiratory center – is in the brainstem and includes
portion of the pons and medulla oblongata.

• The medullary rhythmicity area includes 2 groups:

• Dorsal Respiratory group : control the basic rhythm
of breathing.
• Ventral respiratory group: increases inspiratory and
expiratory movements during forceful breathing.
 Factors affecting Breathing
1. --Chemicals, stretching of lung tissues,
emotional states affects breathing.
2. --Chemosensitive areas (central
chemoreceptors) blood concentration of CO2
and hydrogen ions.
3. --Peripheral chemoreceptors – sense low O2
concentration.