Introduction

• Introduction of students.
• Introduction of subject.
• Introduction of instructors.
• Introduction of books and specifications.
 Course Outline
Concrete Design Steel Design
• One canal masonary house • Design of Industrial Building
design
• Design of 2D frame • MID TERM
(manual+Etabs)
• Design of 3D Frame (Etabs)
• Design of Steel Bridge
• MID TERM
• Design of Retaining Walls
• Design of Water Retaining
Structures
 Theory Part

Quiz – I & II: 10 %

Mid-Semester Exam: 30 %
Final Exam: 60 %

Final grades are assigned according to the approved policy.

 Design Part

Quiz - I
Quiz - II
Class Design Calculations
Home Design Calculations
Drawing Sheets
 Intro to DOS

• What is DOS?
• Duties of a design engineer
• Industrial Building…Components of it
• Types of frames
• Rigid Frames…Types…advantages
• Depth of Girder
• Trussed Frames
• Bracing
• Review of Beam design
• Beam Column Design
 Design Of beams…Review
• Assume self wt….
10% of dead load UDL…
5% of L.L…
3% of factored loads
• Calculate factored loads
• Draw SFD and BMD
• Calculate Cb for each unbraced segment…greater
value more strength
• Assuming compact section w/o LTB get Zs,reqd
 Design Of beams…Review
• Select table using slection tables or unbraced
design charts(if Lb>Lm) with the following
criteria:
• Zsel >= Zreqd
• Min wt.
• dmin= Fy L/5500

• Cb>1.0, Lm+Lp
 Design Of beams…Review
• Apply all stability checks
• Perform Strength Checks
• Perform serviceability Checks
• Accept section if all checks are staisfied,
otherwise revise section
• Write Final selection
 FACTOR (Cb)

• Cb is the lateral torsional buckling strength

modification factor for non-uniform moment
diagrams when both ends of the unsupported
segment are braced.
• The factor Cb accounts for the moment gradient
or the shape of the bending moment diagram.

• Cb = 1.0 for cantilevers or overhangs with

unbraced free ends.
 12.5 M max
Cb 
2.5 M max 3M A  4 M B 3MC

where M is the absolute value of a moment in the

unbraced beam segment defined as follows:

Mmax = the maximum absolute moment in the

unbraced beam segment
MA = absolute moment at the quarter point of the
unbraced beam segment
MB = absolute moment at the centreline of the
unbraced beam segment
MC = absolute moment at the three-quarter point of
the unbraced beam segment
10
 Local Stability Checks
• 1. Flange Stability criterion
bf
£ lp
2t f

• 2. Web stability criterion

h
£ lp
tw

• 3. LTB
 Capacity Checks
1. Flexure Capacity Check
• Mu  bMn b=0.9
Calculate design flexural strength:
1. If Lb  Lm Mn = Mp = Zx Fy / 106 (kN – m)
2. If Lm < Lb  Lr Mn = Cb [Mp – BF(Lb – Lp)]
 Mp (kN – m)
3. If Lb > Lr Mn = CbFcrSx  Mp
 2. Shear Capacity Check
Vu  VVn
Calculate design Shear Strength
h
For  2.24 E / Fyw (= 63.4 for A36 steel) Cv = 1.0
tw
0.9  0.6
vVn  Fyw AwCv , (kN )
1000

13
 Deflection Check
Find act due to service live loads.
• Note: If Live Loads are not directly known, service
load may be taken equal to Factored load divided
by 2.5
• act  L/360 for buildings (OK)
• act  L/800 for bridges (OK)
• act  L/2500 for sensitive structures (OK)
• (supporting machinery)
 Self Weight Check

• Calculated self weight  1.2  assumed self weight

• Note: If any of the checks is not satisfied revise the

trial section.
 Beam Column
• Structural member subjected to combination
of axial (compression) and bending stresses

• Structural behavior resembles to

simultaneously to a beam and a column

• Majority of steel building frames have

columns that carry sizeable bending moments
in addition to compressive loads
 Sources of Bending Moment
• Out of plumbness and loads not centered
exactly on the columns
• Initial crookedness resulting in lateral bending
moments
• Crane beams resting on brackets
• Wind and other lateral loads
• Rigid connections
 Second Order Effects
• Controlling design factor
• Compression member increases lateral deflection
resulting in larger moments…leading to even larger
deflections and moments.
• Elastic analysis…1st order anaysis
• High axial+elastic deflection= extra BM
• Analysis considering this extra BM is called 2nd order
analysis.
• The phenomenon in which moments in a column are
automatically increased beyond the usual analysis for
loads is called second order effects or moment
magnification.
 Factors of Moment Magnification
• P + 1st order deflection…smaller effect
• P + sidesway…larger effect
• P-Delta Effect:
Secondary effect of column axial load and lateral
deflections on the moments in member
• P-Delta effect is significant when loads closer to
elastic buckling loads are applied
• Applied load < 75% of elastic buckling load
• Solution is:
• Moment amplification factor…depending on
ratio of applied load to elastic buckling load
• Modification factor, Cm to make correction for
the shape of actual bending moment diagram
 Interaction Equation and Interaction
Curve
• In a beam column

Compressive stress at any point = Axial + bending stress

• Each term deals independent of other shows how

much fraction of strength is utilized for this particular
action…dimensionless and convenient
• Plotation of various terms on various axis gives us
interaction curve or interaction surface.
• Approximate as it neglects effect of moments on lateral
deflections….moments and stresses.
 Structural Stability
• Involves structural stability + stability of structural
components
• Considering LRFD load combination or 1.6 ASD loads.
• Factors
1. Deformations
2. Flexibility of joints
3. Presence of residual stresses
4. Reduction in stiffness due to inelasticity
5. Geometric imperfections
6. 2nd order effects
7. Buckling pattern in the presence or absence of sway
8. Uncertainties in stiffness and strength
• Direct analysis method…reduced stiffness and
K=1.0 in the strength check
• Uses geometric imperfections and stiffness
reduction in structural analysis
• Effective length factor method…nominal
stiffness and K from sidesway buckling analysis
in the strength check.
• Leaning Column
Designed to carry gravity loads with zero
resistance of connections to lateral loads. Lateral
stability by braced frames, shear walls, moment
frames or some other lateral load resisting
system.
• Braced Frames
Analyzed and designed as vertically cantilevered
pin connected truss systems, w/o any significant
first order and second order moments.
K=1.0
• Moment Frames
Resist sideway due to flexural stiffness of the
connected beam and column.
Effective length factor > actual length
• Gravity Framing System
Columns designed as pin ended columns with
K=1.0
P-delta effect and load transfer from columns to
lateral load resisting systems is considered in
design of lateral load resisting system
• Combined System
Consists of two or more lateral load resisting
systems…each resisting lateral loads depending
on the relative stiffness and load transfer
between them during the analysis.
LTB BUCKLING MODIFICATION FACTOR
(Cb)

According to AISC, Cb is the Lateral-Torsional Buckling

Modification Factor for non-uniform moment diagrams
when both ends of the unsupported segment are braced.
The factor Cb accounts for the moment gradient or the
shape of the bending moment diagram.
Effect of the maximum moment present throughout the
beam segment is much more severe and Cb = 1.0 for this
case. Greater values of Cb indicate more flexural strength.
If bending moment is lesser within the span than the
ends, Cb can be taken greater than one.
Similarly, in addition to above, if reverse curvature is
present, the situation becomes still less severe and value
of Cb may further be increased.

Value of Cb
Cb = 1.0 for cantilevers or overhangs with unbraced
free ends.
31
 12.5 M max
Cb 
2.5 M max 3M A  4 M B 3MC

where M is the absolute value of a moment in the

unbraced beam segment defined as follows:

Mmax = the maximum absolute moment in the

unbraced beam segment
MA = absolute moment at the quarter point of the
unbraced beam segment
MB = absolute moment at the centreline of the
unbraced beam segment
MC = absolute moment at the three-quarter point of
the unbraced beam segment
32
Unbraced Length And Cb For Cantilever Beams
If no lateral brace is provided in the cantilever length.
Lb = actual length and Cb = 1.0.
If lateral brace is provided at free end.
Lb = actual length and Cb is calculated by the formula.
Note:
While using the beam selection curves of Reference-1
(Page 193-279), Cb factor may be combined with Lb
and Lb /Cb value may be used as modified unbraced
values
33
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF BEAMS
For a safe beam, the applied moment (service moment
Ma in ASD and factored moment Mu in LRFD) must be
lesser than or equal to the design strength of the beam.
Mu  bMn b = 0.90 (LRFD)
Ma  Mn / b b = 1.67 (ASD)
whereMn = nominal flexural strength as determined by
the limit state of yielding, lateral torsional buckling, or
local buckling.
To graphically show the effect of a value of Cb greater than
one on the design flexural strength of a beam, the curve
of Figure 4.13 is multiplied with Cb = 1.0 and is
reproduced in Figure 4.14 as Curve-1. 34
The flexural capacity is increased by multiplying with Cb
(greater than one) and is presented as Curve-2.
However, the flexural capacity of any section cannot be
greater than the full plastic moment capacity. Applying
this condition, Curve-2 is changed into the applicable
curve shown by solid line in the figure.
A new value of limiting unbraced length denoted by Lm
is to be defined in place of Lp as follows:
Lm = limiting unbraced length for full plastic bending
capacity when Cb>1.0 which is between the lengths
Lp and Lr.

35
 Design Curve
For Cb >1.0
Nominal Flexural Strength (Mn)

CbMp
Curve-2 Obtained By Multiplying
Curve-1 With Cb >1.0

Mp
Curve-1
For Cb =1.0

CbMr

Mr

Lp Lm Lr

Laterally Unbraced Length (Lb)

36
This length Lm may be calculated by using the following
expression:
Lm  L p 
CM b p  M p Lr  L p 
Cb M p  M r 

 Lp 
CM b p Mp
Cb  BF
M p  Cb 1 
 Lp     Lr
BF  Cb 
BF = slope of moment capacity versus unbraced length
for inelastic lateral torsional buckling.
M p  Mr
BF 
Lr  L p
When Cb = 1.0, Lm = Lp 37
Design moment capacity (Mn) is determined for various
cases of unbraced lengths as follows:
Case I: Compact Sections, Cb  1.0, Lb  Lm
Mn = Mp = Zx Fy / 106 (kN – m)
Case II: Compact Sections, Cb  1.0, Lm < Lb  Lr
  Lb  L p 
M n  Cb  M p  ( M p  M r )   M p , (kN  m)
  L  L 
 r p 

Mn = Cb [Mp – BF(Lb – Lp)]  Mp (kN – m)

Case III: Compact Sections, Cb  1.0, Lb > Lr
For doubly symmetric I-shaped and channel section
members:
Mn = CbFcrSx  Mp (kN-m) 38
 2
Where Cb E 2
J c  Lb  Cb 2 E
Fcr  2
1  0.078    2
 Lb  S x ho  rts   Lb 
   r 
 rts   ts 
The variables rts and others are as defined earlier. The square
root term may conservative be taken equal to 1.0.
DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH
In case of beams, the shear stress distribution creates
negligibly less stresses in the flanges and only web resists
most of the applied shear.
This fact is schematically shown in Figure 4.15.
Hence, the area resisting shear is equal to area of web as
under:
Aw = d  tw 39
 Figure 4.15. Shear Stress Distribution in An I-Section Beam.

The stable web of a beam may reach its limit by web

yielding, in which yielding in shear takes place when the
applied shear stress () becomes equal to shear yield
stress (y).
For ductile materials, shear yield stress is approximately
equal to 60 percent of the tension yield stress (0.6 Fy). 40
The factor 0.6 is not a factor of safety but is a factor to
approximately change principal tensile stress into shear
stress at maximum shear stress plane or vice versa.
The design shear strength of webs is  Vn with  = 0.90
(LRFD) and the allowable shear strength is Vn / v with
v = 1.67 (ASD).
For webs of rolled I-shaped members:
Vn = 0.6FyAwCv
Web Yielding:

For h
 2.24 E / Fyw
tw
(= 63.4 for A36 steel) : Cv = 1.0
41
Note:
Vu
1) Average applied shear stress, fv = (LRFD)
dt w
2) Beam is safe in shear when Vu  Vn (LRFD)

DEFLECTIONS
Deflection check is a serviceability limit state check and
hence, it is applied using the service loads and not the
factored loads.
Further, for steel structures, this check is usually applied
only using the service live load and the deflection due to
dead loads are not considered.
42
The reason for not including the dead load in the
calculation of deflections is that the structure is given a
negative camber during construction to balance the dead
load deflections.
There are several justifications for limiting service live load
deflections, some of which are as under:

1. The deflections produced should not be visible to the

people. It is important to remember that some
deflection always occur which can be measured by
instruments. Common people may consider a
structure that is completely safe from strength point
of view unsafe and dangerous if the deflections are
larger. 43
2. The appearance of structures may be damaged by
excessive deflections such as the plaster may crack
and other surface finishes may be disturbed.
3. Excessive deflections in a member may damage
other members attached to it. For example,
deflections produced in a main beam may cause
high extra stresses in the secondary beams and
roofing resting on it.
4. In case the structure is supporting any type of
machinery, the deflection of one part may disturb
the alignment of the machinery shafts.
5. Sometimes, it may be required that different parts
of structure deflect by same amount when
symmetric loads are applied on them. 44
 In case of buildings, the maximum service live load
deflection is usually limited to L/360. This limit is
considered invisible not damaging the surface finishes.
 The deflections may be limited to L/1500 or L/2000 for
structures supporting delicate machinery.
 In case of bridge, deflections due to live and impact
loads are restricted to L /800.
 During initial proportioning of steel beams, it is
customary to indirectly control deflections by limiting
the span-over-depth ratio (L/d ratio) for the members.
When these conditions are satisfied it is more likely
that the deflection check, to be performed later on,
will be satisfied eliminating the need for greater
number of trials to get a reasonable section. 45
Typical span-over-depth ratios used for various types of
members are as under:
1- For buildings, L/d ratio is usually limited to a
maximum of 5500 / Fy.
L /d  5500 / Fy
 dmin = Fy L /5500 (L /22 for A36 steel)
2- For bridge components and other beams subjected
to impact or vibratory loads,
L /d  20
3- For roof purlins,
L /d  6900 / Fy (27.5 for A36 steel, sometimes
relaxed to a value equal to 30)
46
The actual expected deflections may be calculated using the
mechanics principles.
However, results given in Manuals and Handbooks may also
be used directly.
Some of the typical deflection formulas are reproduced
here.
1- For uniformly loaded and simply supported beams
5wL L4
 max 
384 EI
2- For uniformly loaded continuous beams
5L2
 midspan  M c  0.1(M a  M b )
48 EI
Where Mc = magnitude of central moment
Ma, Mb = magnitude of end moments 47
3- For simply supported beams subjected to point load
(refer to Figure 4.16), where a  L/ 2

 midspan  
Pa 3 2
12 EI 4
L  a2 
4- For overhanging part of beam subjected to UDL

w a3
 max  4L  3a 
24 EI

5- For the above case, with UDL also present within

supports,
 max 
wa
24 EI

4a 2 L  L3  3a 3  48
6- For overhanging part of beam subjected to point load

P a 2 L  a 
 max 
3EI

7- For cantilever beam subjected to point load P at

distance a from the fix end
P a 2 3L  a 
 max 
6 EI

8- For cantilever beam subjected to a uniformly

distributed load
w L4
 max 
8EI 49
FLOW CHART FOR DESIGN OF BEAMS
Write Known Data

Estimate self-weight of the member.

a) The self-weight may be taken as 10 percent of the
applied dead UDL or dead point load distributed over
all the length.
b) If only live load is applied, self-weight may be taken
equal to 5 percent of its magnitude.
c) In case only factored loads are given, self-wt. may be
taken equal to 3 % of the given loads.

Calculate Factored Loads 50

 Draw B.M. and S.F. Diagrams

Calculate Cb For Each Unbraced Segment

Find Mu,max, Vu,max, Lb for each segment and guess

which segment is the most critical.
Design this segment first and then check for others.

Assume the section to be compact without LTB in the

start and calculate Zx accordingly. 51
Assumed M u 10 6 b = 0.9
Z x ,req 
b Fy Fy = 250 MPa for A36 steel

Selection of Section
i. Zsel  Zreq
ii. Minimum weight
iii. d  dmin

Fy L
d min  For max = L/360
5500
dmin = L /22 for A36 steel and simply supported beams
For max required to be lesser than L /360, like L /500 or
L /800, find (Ix)req from the deflection formula, with only
the live load acting, and select section such that Ix  (Ix)req52.
Method 1: Use Of Selection Tables Refernce-1, Page 155
These tables are applicable only if Lb < Lr and Cb = 1
1. Enter the column headed Zx and find a value equal to
or just greater than the plastic section modulus
required.
2. The beam corresponding to this value in the shape
column and all beams above it have sufficient flexural
strength based on these parameters.
3. The first beam appearing in boldface type (top of a
group) adjacent to or above the required Zx is the
lightest suitable section. 53
4. If the beam must have to satisfy a certain depth or
minimum moment of inertia criterion, proceed up
the column headed “Shape” until a beam fulfilling
the requirements is reached.
5. If Cb > 1.0, use Lm in place of Lp for the approximate
selection.
6. If Lb is larger than Lm of the selected section, use the
unbraced design charts.
7. Apply moment capacity, shear capacity, deflection
and all other checks.
8. The column headed bMp may also be used in place
of the Zx column in the above method.
54
55
Method 2: Use Of Unbraced Design Charts
This method is applicable in cases where the above
method is not fully applicable and Lb  Lp.
The design charts are basically developed for uniform
moment case with Cb = 1.0.
Following notation is used to separate full plastic, inelastic
LTB, and elastic LTB ranges:
Solid Circle represents Lp
Hollow Circle represents Lr

1. According to Mu in kN-m units and Lb in meters, enter

into the charts.
56
1. Any section represented by a curve to the right and
above ( ) the point selected in No.1 will have a
greater allowed unbraced length and a greater
moment capacity than the required values of the
two parameters.
3. A dashed line section is not an economical solution.
If dashed section is encountered while moving in
top-right direction, proceed further upwards and to
the right till the first solid line section is obtained.
Select the corresponding section as the trial section,
and it will be the lightest available section for the
requirements.
4. If Cb > 1.0, use Mu,req = Mu / Cb but check that the
selected section has bMp > Mu. 57
Move to the
right and above
in the arrow
direction the
point selected

58
Check the three conditions of compact section for
internal stability, namely,
1. web continuously connected with flange,
2. flange stability criterion, and
3. web stability criterion.
If any one out of the above three is not satisfied, revise
the section.

Either calculate Lp, Lr, and Lm or find their values from

beam selection tables.
L p  1.76 ry E Fyf , (mm)
Lp = 0.05 ry (m) for A36 steel 59
 2
E Jc  0.7 Fy S x ho 
Lr  1.95 rts 1  1  6.76 
0.7 Fy S x ho  E Jc 

Mr = 0.7Fy Sx/106 (kN-m)

I y Cw I y h0
rts  
2

Sx 2S x

For doubly symmetric I-sections

c = 1.0 for a doubly symmetric I-shape
ho = d – tf
M p  Mr
BF 
Lr  L p
M p  Cb 1 
Lm  L p     Lr
BF  Cb  60
Calculate design flexural strength:
1. If Lb  Lm Mn = Mp = Zx Fy / 106 (kN – m)
2. If Lm < Lb  Lr Mn = Cb [Mp – BF(Lb – Lp)]
 Mp (kN – m)
3. If Lb > Lr Mn = CbFcrSx  Mp
2
where Cb E 2
J c  Lb  Cb 2 E
Fcr  2
1  0.078    2
 Lb  S x ho  rts   Lb 
   r 
 rts   ts 

Design moment = bMn , Where b=0.9 61

Bending strength check:
Mu  bMn (OK)
If not satisfied revise the trial selection.

Calculate design Shear Strength

h
For  2.24 E / Fyw (= 63.4 for A36 steel) Cv = 1.0
tw
0.9  0.6
vVn  Fyw AwCv , (kN )
1000
Shear check:
Vu  vVn
If not satisfied revise the trial selection
62
Deflection check:
Find act due to service live loads.
Note: If Live Loads are not directly known, service load
may be taken equal to Factored load divided by 2.5
act  L/360 or other specified limit (OK)

Check self-weight:
Calculated self weight  1.2  assumed self weight (OK)
Otherwise, revise the loads and repeat the calculations.

Write final selection using standard designation. 63