Liquid – Liquid

Extraction
AMPARO | FRESNOZA | QUIJANO | REMO | ROXAS
Liquid-Liquid Extraction : Principles

▪ Useful method to separate components of a mixture,

based on their relative solubility

2
Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Principles

▪ Transferring of a soluble component (the solute) from one

liquid phase to another. The two liquid phases must either
be immiscible or partially miscible.
▪ Can be single stage or multi-stage

3
Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Principles

▪ One of the most frequently used techniques in

biochemical process
▪ In Bioprocess Engineering, LLE is commonly used to
separate inhibitory fermentation products such as
ethanol, acetone-butanol from fermentation broth

4
Liquid-Liquid Extraction

5
Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Types of Flow

▪ Co – current contact

1 2

6
Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Types of Flow

▪ Counter-current contact

1 2

7
Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Types of Flow

▪ Cross flow

1 2

8
Selecting a Solvent

An ideal solvent for LLE will typically have the ff properties:

▪ High solubility for the solute and low solubility for the carrier
liquid
▪ Density difference vs. the carrier liquid is greater than 150 kg/m3
▪ Nonreactive with other chemicals involve in the extraction
process
▪ Low viscosity
▪ High Boiling Point

9
Extraction Equipment : Batch

Separatory Funnel

10
Extraction Equipment : Continuous
Single Stage Multi-stage

Mixer Settler Rotating Disck Contacter

11
Applications

▪ Penicillin Extraction
> Solute: Penicillin
>Solvent: Butyl acetate/Amyl acetate/Methyl isobutyl
ketone
▫ Vitamin B12 Purification
▫ Morphine and Codeine Extraction

12
Single Stage Extraction

E, y S, yS

F, xF R,x

F+S=E+R

FxF + SyS = Ey + Rx

13
Single Stage Extraction

E, y S, yS
F+S=E+R

F, xF R,x FxF + SyS = Ey + Rx

If equilibrium is reached: y=Kx

FxF + SyS = Ey + Rx

Assume: F=R
S=E RxF + EyS = Ey + Rx

14
Single Stage Extraction

RxF + EyS = Ey + Rx
𝑅𝑥𝐹 + 𝐸𝑦𝑠
𝑅𝑥𝐹 − 𝑅𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦𝑠 =𝑦
=𝑦 𝑅
𝐸 1 + 𝐸𝐾
𝐸
𝑦
𝑅𝑥𝐹 + 𝐸𝑦𝑠 𝑅𝑥 𝐾
𝐸
=𝑦+
𝐸
𝑅𝑥𝐹 + 𝐸𝑦𝑠
=𝑦
𝑅𝑦 𝑅
=𝑦+ 𝐸+
𝐸𝐾 𝐾
𝑅
=𝑦 1+
𝐸𝐾

15
Single Stage Extraction

𝑅𝑥𝐹 + 𝐸𝑦𝑠 𝑅
=𝑦 1+
𝐸 𝐸𝐾

If pure solvent is used: 𝑦𝑠 =0

𝑅𝑥𝐹 + 0 𝐸𝐾 + 𝑅
=𝑦
𝐸 𝐸𝐾

𝑅𝑥𝐹
=𝑦
𝐸𝐾 + 𝑅
𝐸
𝐸𝐾

16
Single Stage Extraction

𝑅𝑥𝐹 𝑅𝑥𝐹 (𝐸𝐾)

=𝑦 =𝑦
𝐸 2 𝐾 + 𝐸𝑅 𝐸𝐾
𝐸𝐾 𝐸𝑅 𝑅 + 1

𝑅𝑥𝐹 (𝐸𝐾)
=𝑦
𝐸 2 𝐾 + 𝐸𝑅 𝐾𝑥𝐹
=𝑦
𝐸𝐾
𝑅𝑥𝐹 (𝐸𝐾) +1
=𝑦 𝑅
𝐸 2 𝐾 + 𝐸𝑅

17
Recoverability

𝐸𝑦 𝐾𝑥𝐹
𝛾= =𝑦
𝐸𝐾
𝑅𝑥𝐹
𝑅 +1
𝐸 𝐾𝑥𝐹
𝛾= ∙
𝑅𝑥𝐹 𝐸𝐾 + 1
𝑅
𝐸
𝐾
𝛾= 𝑅
𝐸𝐾
+1
𝑅
18
Multi-stage Countercurrent Extraction

𝐹 + 𝑆 = 𝑅𝑁𝑃 + 𝐸1 OMB

𝐹𝑥𝐹 + 𝑆𝑦𝑠 = 𝑅𝑁𝑃 𝑥𝑁𝑃 + 𝐸1 𝑦1 Solute Balance

19
Multi-stage Countercurrent Extraction

𝐹𝑥𝐹 + 𝑆𝑦𝑠 = 𝑅𝑁𝑃 𝑥𝑁𝑃 + 𝐸1 𝑦1

If Raffinate and Extract

Streams are constant: 𝐹 = 𝑅𝑁𝑃 = 𝑅

S = 𝐸1 = 𝐸

𝑅𝑥𝐹 + 𝐸𝑦𝑠 = 𝑅𝑥𝑁𝑃 + 𝐸𝑦1

𝑅
𝑥𝐹 + 𝑥𝑁𝑃 + 𝑦𝑠 = 𝑦1
𝐸
20
Multi-stage Countercurrent Extraction

𝑅𝑥𝐹 + 𝐸𝑛+1 𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑥𝑛 + 𝐸𝑦1 Solute Balance

21
Multi-stage Countercurrent Extraction

𝑅𝑥𝐹 + 𝐸𝑛+1 𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑥𝑛 + 𝐸𝑦1

𝑅𝑥𝑛 + 𝐸𝑦1 − 𝑅𝑥𝐹

𝑦𝑛+1 =
𝐸

𝑅 𝑅
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝐹 + 𝑦1 𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦1 − 𝑥𝐹 − 𝑥𝑛
𝐸 𝐸
Equilibrium relationship: y=Kx
𝑅 𝑦𝑛
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦1 − 𝑥𝐹 −
𝐸 𝐾
22
Number of Ideal Stages

▪Graphical Solution
▪Using the equation:
𝑹 𝒚𝒏
𝒚𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒙𝑭 −
𝑬 𝑲

23
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Example Problem

Penicillin F is to be extracted from the clarified fermentation beer

by using pure amyl acetate as solvent at pH 4.0. The distribution
coefficient K of the system was found to be 32. The initial
concentration of penicillin in the feed is 400 mg/L. The flow
rates of the feed and the solvent streams are 500 L/hr and 30
L/hr, respectively. Assume that the density of the feed is the
same as water.

25
Example Problem

a. How many ideal stages (countercurrent contact) are required

to recover 97 percent of penicillin in the feed?
b. If you use three countercurrent stages, what will be the
percent recovery?

26
 Extraction Formula
SINGLE EXTRACTION
Single Stage

RxF  EyS
y
R
E
K Recoverability:
E
If pure solvent, yS = 0: K 
Ey  R
y
KxF  
RxF E
E 1 K 
1 K  R
R
27
Extraction Formula
MULTISTAGE COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION

y1  xF  x Np   yS
R
  xF  y S  / K  R  R 
E ln  1   
yn 1  y1   xF  xn   x Np  yS  / K  KE  KE 
R
E NP 
R y 
 KE 
yn 1  y1   xF  n 
ln 
E K  R 
28
THANK
YOU FOR
LISTENING!
29
QUIZ
NUMBER 1

Separation of components through LLE is based on their

_________

31
NUMBER 2

Give an application of Liquid-Liquid Extraction

32
NUMBER 3

TRUE OR FALSE : Countercurrent Flow produces a

higher product recovery than Co-Current Flow

33
NUMBERS 4-6

Give 3 properties of an ideal solvent to be used in a

Liquid-Liquid Extraction

34
NUMBER 7

If the solvent is less dense than the carrier liquid,

where will the solvent should be fed?

35
NUMBERS 8-10

Penicillin F is to be extracted from the clarified

fermentation beer by using pure amyl acetate as
solvent at pH 4.0. The distribution coefficient K of the
system was found to be 30. With a composition
x=0.00038. The flow rates of the feed and the
solvent streams are 250 L/hr and 50 L/hr,
respectively. Given 5 stages (countercurrent flow),
what is the percent recovery?
36