 From 1791-1803, four new states

(Vt, Ky, Tn, and Oh)

 By 1821, six more (In, Ms, Il, Al,
Me, and Mo)
 Pioneers usually migrated as
families and settled near
navigable rivers (later railroads,
but always near those like them)
 Craved sociability
 Sports and festivities – always
a test of strength or agility
(e.g.-Gander pulling)
 Hoedowns and frolics
 Clear division of labor
 Adventuring spirit carried a few
beyond the Mississippi River
 Zebulon Pike
 Lewis and Clark
 Jedediah Smith
 Kit Carson
 One of the key causes of expansion
was the govt.
 Before Ratification, several states
ceded western claims to the govt.,
creating a vast public domain
 Land Ordinance of 1785
 Land Ordinance of 1787
 Louisiana Purchase of 1803
 Transcontinental Treaty of 1819
 Promised land to those who signed
up for the War of 1812 (6 million
total)
 Congress authorizes the extension
of the National Road in 1816
 This spelled the end for Native
Americans
• Spanish protection is gone
• Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of
1812 – an initial plan of the British was to
create an Indian Buffer in the Old
Northwest between the U.S. and Canada
 Sizable numbers of Native
Americans in the South (Five
Civilize Tribes)
 The Cherokees were actually very
“cultured”
 Many mixed-bloods voluntarily
moved or sold lands to whites; full
bloods held out
 Southern states make a move to
get the Indians out
 Al, Ga, and Ms survey tribal lands
and squatters; they also extended
state jurisdiction over the tribes
(which outlawed tribal govts.)
 Declared no Indian could be a
witness in court in cases involving
whites
 Could not vote or hold office
 In 1834 Cherokee Chief John Ross
had his house put up as a prize in a
state lottery
 1830 – Indian Removal Act: to
exchange public lands for
Indian lands and appropriating
$500000 to pay for the expenses
of removal
 During Jackson’s administration
NA exchanged 100 million
acres for 32 million acres of
public land
 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
• Cherokee are not an independent
republic within Georgia; rather they are
a “domestic dependent nation”
 Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
• The Cherokee are a distinct community
within Georgia entitling them to federal
protection from tampering by Georgia;
this gives them a claim to the lands
within Georgia