Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
• Automotive
– Engine parts – Pressure vessels
– Frame – Storage tanks
• Aviation / Aerospace – Welds
– Airframes – Boilers
• Spaceframes
– Heat exchangers
– Powerplants
• Propellers – Turbine bores
• Reciprocating Engines – In-plant Piping
• Gas Turbine Engines • Miscellaneous
– Rocketry – Pipelines
• Construction • In-line Inspection using "pigs"
– Structures
• Pipeline integrity
– Bridges
• Leak Detection
• Maintenance
– Bridges – Railways
• Manufacturing • Rail Inspection
– Machine parts • Wheel Inspection
– Castings and Forgings – Tubular NDT, for Tubing material
– Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
Industrial plants such as Nuclear, Petrochemical, – Amusement park rides
Power, Refineries, Pulp and Paper, Fabrication
shops, Mine processing and their Risk Based – Submarines and other Naval warships
Inspection programmes. – Medical imaging applications
Methods and techniques
NDT is divided into various methods of nondestructive testing,
each based on a particular scientific principle.
These methods may be further subdivided into various techniques.
• Liquid penetrant testing (PT or LPI)
• Radiographic testing (RT)
– Digital radiography (real-time)
– Computed radiography
– SCAR (Small Confined Area Radiography)
– Neutron radiographic testing (NR)
– Computed tomography (CT)
• Impulse excitation technique (IET)
• Ultrasonic testing (UT)
– Phased array ultrasonics
– Time of flight diffraction ultrasonics (TOFD)
– Time of Flight Ultrasonic Determination of 3D Elastic Constants (TOF)
– Internal Rotary Inspection System (IRIS) ultrasonics for tubes
– EMAT Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (non-contact)
– laser ultrasonics (LUT)
• Electromagnetic testing (ET)
– Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM)
– Alternating Current potential drop measurement (ACPD)
– Direct Current potential drop measurement (DCPD)
– Eddy-Current Testing (ECT)
– Remote field testing (RFT)
– Magnetic-particle inspection (MT or MPI)
– Magnetic flux leakage testing (MFL) for pipelines, tank floors, and wire rope
Methods and techniques (cont.)
• Acoustic emission testing (AE)
• Positive Material Identification (PMI)
• Hardness testing (Brinell) (HT)
• Infrared and thermal testing (IR)
– Thermographic inspection
• Laser testing
– Profilometry
– Holographic interferometry
– Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry
– Shearography
• Leak testing or Leak detection (LT)
– Tracer-gas method testing Helium, Hydrogen and refrigerant gases
– Bubble testing
– Absolute pressure leak testing (pressure change)
– Halogen diode leak testing
– Mass spectrometer leak testing
• Magnetic resonance imaging and NMR spectroscopy
• Visual inspection (VT)
– Pipeline video inspection
Root Cause Analysis
The practice of RCA is predicated on the belief that problems are best
solved by attempting to correct or eliminate root causes, as opposed
to merely addressing the immediately obvious symptoms.
• Materials
• Management
– Defective raw material – No or poor management involvement
– Wrong type for job – Inattention to task
– Lack of raw material – Task hazards not guarded properly
• Machine/Equipment – Other (horseplay, inattention....)
– Incorrect tool selection – Stress demands
– Poor maintenance or design – Lack of Process
– • Methods
Poor equipment or tool placement
– No or poor procedures
– Defective equipment or tool
– Practices are not the same as written
• Environment procedures
– Orderly workplace – Poor communication
– Job design or layout of work • Management system
– Surfaces poorly maintained – Training or education lacking
– Physical demands of the task – Poor employee involvement
– Forces of nature – Poor recognition of hazard
– Previously identified hazards were not
eliminated
Risk based inspection