COAL

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
I. SPECIFICATIONS AND SAMPLES

WHAT IS COAL?
Coal is the altered remains of prehistoric vegetation that originally accumulated in
swamps and peat bogs.
I. SPECIFICATIONS AND SAMPLES
CATEGORIES OF COAL
I. SPECIFICATIONS AND SAMPLES

PARAMETERS
Calorific Value
Ash Content
Sulphur Content
Moisture Content
Volatile Matter Content
I. SPECIFICATIONS AND SAMPLES
The table below indicates the typical specifications of each category of coal under the American Society for Testing and
Materials Standard.

Specification in ASTM Standard Low Calorific Value Medium Calorific Value High Calorific Value

Gross Calorific Value GAR 4,200 Kcal/kg 5,000 Kcal/kg 5,800 Kcal/kg
Net Calorific Value NAR 3,800 Kcal/kg 4,700 Kcal/kg 5,500 Kcal/kg
Total Moisture ARB 36% 26% 14%
Inherent Moisture ADB Approximately 24% 18% 9%
Ash Content ADB 8% 5% 15%
Volatile Matter ADB Approximately 40% 40% 41%
Ash Fusion T1 1,150 Degree Celsius 1,150 Degree Celsius 1,300 Degree Celsius
Temperature
Total Sulfur ADB 0.8% 0.9% 0.6%
HGI - Minimum 45% 40% 40%
Size 0-50mm - Approximately 90% 90% 90%
II. ESTIMATES AND LOCATION

NATIONAL (Philippines)
Coal reserves amount to 470 million metric tons or 19.7% of the country's total coal resource
potential of 2.39 billion metric tons.
II. ESTIMATES AND LOCATION
WORLD
Top 5 with the biggest coal reserves
USA
Russia
China
Australia
India
II. ESTIMATES AND LOCATION
WORLD
Top 5 largest coal producing countries:
China
USA
India and European Union
Australia
Indonesia
III. RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
Areas to Erect Coal Power Plant:

Most Power Plants need to be located near a source of water. These power plants require large
quantities of water to be used as mainly coolant in their condensing units and for their cooling
towers.
Coal handling unit shall not use any agricultural land and shall be located away from the
surrounding agriculture land.
Coal handling unit shall be far from residential area and away from Railway line, Express ways
and National Highways.
IV. EXPLORATION, EXTRACTION,
TRANSPORTATION, HANDLING, STORAGE
EXTRACTION TRANSPORTATION
Core Sampling Trucks
EXTRACTION Trains/Barges/Ship
Surface Mining Coal Pipes
Underground Mining STORAGE
Outdoor Storage
Closed or Live Storage
V. CONVERSION AND AFTER CONVERSION
TECHNOLOGY
VI. RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

RESIDUES
Coal ash, also referred to as coal combustion residuals (CCR), can be used in
different products and materials. Coal ash can produce positive environmental,
economic and product benefits such as:
Reduce use of virgin resources,
Lower greenhouse gas emissions,
Reduced cost of coal ash disposal, and
Improved strength and durability of materials.
VI. RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

ADVANTAGES OF COAL AS POWER PLANT FUEL

Reliability
Affordability
Abundance
VI. RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

DISADVANTAGES OF COAL AS POWER PLANT FUEL

Greenhouse gas emissions
Mining destruction
Generation of millions of tons of waste
Emission of harmful substances