Seminar

on
CDMA and FDMA

By:
sradha gupta
Branch: ete
Regd no:0701216249
College: P.c.e
Multiple Access
mobile1

mobile2

Base station

mobile3
 Channelization
 It is a multiple-access method in
which the available bandwidth of a
link is shared in time,frequency or
through code between different
stations.

 There are three channelization

protocols:
1)FDMA
2)CDMA
3)TDMA

 For wireless communications,

multiple access can be carried out in
4 dimensions:
1) space
2)time
3)frequency
4) code
 The goal is to assign a channel with
minimum interference.
 Freq. Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
 Dividing the available
frequency spectrum into
some frequency channels.
 Each channel occupies a
portion of total available
bandwidth and is given to
a single user.
 Multiple users using
separate frequency
channels could access the
same system.
 Freq. Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
Advantages:

 If channel is not in use, it sits idle.

 Channel bandwidth is relatively narrow (30kHz)
 Simple algorithms.
 Fairly efficient when the number of stations is small and
the traffic is uniformly constant.
 Capacity increase can be obtained by reducing the
information bit rate and using efficient digital code
 No need for network timing.
 No restriction regarding the type of baseband or type of
modulation.
 Freq. Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
Disadvantages:

 The presence of guard bands.

 Requires right RF filtering to minimize adjacent
channel interference.
 Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed.
 Small inhibiting flexibility in bit rate capability.
 Does not differ significantly from analog system.
 Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA)

 In both FDMA and TDMA techniques the

number of channels or time slots is fixed.
 By increasing the number of services from
simple voice to more burst data
transmissions, it lack of efficiency in utilizing
the scarce spectrum.
 Hence, CDMA schemes started to come into
commercial systems.
 Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA)
 In a CDMA system…
 Each user is assigned a
spreading code.
 User’s information is
spread into a much wider
spectrum using a high
clock (chip) rate.
 It is possible to send
multiple users’ information
on the same frequency
spectrum.
 CDMA is an MA scheme
that has no fixed
maximum number of
users. (in theory)
 Spreading Codes

 The spreading code Ck must be unique for each user.

 Ideally, they are orthogonal to one another, i.e.
<Ci, Ck > = 0, unless i = k
<Ci, Ck > = J, if i = k
 Example: Walsh Codes
 For a spreading factor J=4,there are 4 Walsh codes
 In general there are always JWalsh codes, as long as
 J = 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, ...
 CDMA Multiplexer
A +1,+1,+1,+1

Station1 bit0 -1 -1,-1,-1,-1

B +1,-1,+1,-1

Station2 bit0 -1 -1,+1,-1,+1

+1,+1,-1,-1 -1,,-1,-3,+1
C

Station3 silent 0 0,0,0,0

D -1,-1,-1,+1

Station4 bit1 +1 +1,-1,-1,+1

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
Technologies
 Advantages of CDMA
 Many users of CDMA use the same frequency.
 No absolute limit on the number of users.
 Easy addition of more users.
 Multipath fading may be substantially reduced because of large
signal bandwidth.
 Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent
 Better signal quality.
 Flexible network planning (planning is no longer needed).
 Greater coverage (larger area for a given amount of power ).
 High capacity (greater coverage capacity).
 Cost (larger profit for providers due to increased capacity, less
infrastructure).
 Customer satisfaction (privacy, better call quality longer battery life
due to less power consumption, prevent cross talks).
 Compatibility (dual mode analog and digital).
 Disadvantages of using CDMA
 Synchronization
Difficulty to satisfy synchronization requirements.
 
 Self jamming
Self jamming is a steep deterioration of performance as a result of
poor synchronization.  Poor synchronization causes partial-
correlation with the codes of other users and the result will be a vast
increase of the interference.
 
 Near-far problem
power control is necessary for mitigating the Near-far problem. There
are some factors for imperfect power control such as: feedback
delays, imperfect power estimates, traffic conditions, errors in the
feedback channel.
 
 Network complexity
Complex network support is needed for implementing soft handoff,
and also for countering multipath and fading effects.
 
 Throughput
Low throughput efficiency for large number of users.
Difference between
CDMA and FDMA
 Interference Averaging
of CDMA and FDMA
•CDMA is better suited for multipath fading
•
channels as additional paths “combined” to
result in path diversity.
In FDMA/TDMA, additional paths not able to
be combined and results in link degradation.

• CDMA reuses same frequencies in

adjacent cells (unlike TMDA/FDMA).

•Soft Handoff gains

Resistant to narrowband interference
CDMA inherently spread spectrum.

• Inactivity Gain (such as pauses in speech)

can be translated to capacity gain. This is
not possible with FDMA and difficult with
TDMA.
 Voice Activity
comparison of CDMA and FDMA
In TDMA and FDMA systems:
 If a user doesn’t have anything to send, the
time/frequency slot allocated to them is wasted.
 It is typically very difficult to dynamically allocate time and
frequency slots.

In CDMA systems:
 If a user doesn’t have anything to send, it causes less
interference to other users of the system.
 Typically, each user needs to transmit less than half the
time
 Since interference-limited, this doubles the capacity.
 Sectorized Antennas

• Cells can use directional

antennas to “sectorize” the
cell.

• At 120 degree antennas

create 3-sector cells – very
Common.

• For CDMA, this reduces the

interference by a factor of
three. Capacity is increased
by a factor of three.

• FDMA/TDMA also use

sectored antennas, but just
to decrease the distance.
 Capacity Comparison
of CDMA and FDMA

• Comparing the capacity of TDMA/FDMA/CDMA is very

controversial.
• In 1991, a famous Qualcomm paper claimed that due to
voice activity, frequency reuse,and sectorization, CDMA
has increased capacity by:
 Factor of 18 relative to AMPS
 Factor of 6 relative to US TDMA (and similar for GSM)
• This turned out to be optimistic, about 1/3 of this gain
actually happened .
• All 3G systems use CDMA for multiple access.
 conclusion
 From the comparisons made above we cannot say that
FDMA is better than CDMA or vice versa. The main
advantage of the CDMA is that, in the single detection
method it is more flexible than FDMA/TDMA or joint
detection. CDMA is said to have higher capacity than
TDMA. But in the future GSM can be extended by an
optional CDMA component in order to further increase
the capacity. Finally, it does not matter whether which
one is better CDMA or TDMA right now. It can be only
found out with the evolution of these technologies.
 When going for a cell phone the user should choose the
technology according to where they use it. For users
who travel abroad it is better to go with GSM handsets.
For the users in United States CDMA is better than
TDMA because of the coverage we can get at rural
areas where digital signals cannot be transmitted.