Introduction to Feed Back Control Systems

Feedback Systems

 A feedback system is
one in which the output
signal is sampled and then
fed back to the input to
form an error signal that
drives the system.
 Feedback Control

 In a feedback control loop, the variable to be manipulated is measured. This

measured process value (PV) is then compared with a set point (SP) to generate an
error signal (e = PV - SP). If a difference or error exists between the actual value and
the desired value of the process, a process controller will take the necessary corrective
action to return the process to the desired value.
 Process Controller

 most dynamic device in a

feedback control loop
 They compare the process
variable with the set point and
v
generate an output signal that
manipulates the process to
make the process variable
equal to its set point.
SINGLE LOOP MULTILOOP

Types
Of
vv
Controllers

PROGRAMMABLE
PNEUMATIC ELECTRIC
LOGIC
ADVANCED CONTROL LOOPS
 Cascade Control Loops

 The general concept of

cascade control is to place one
feedback loop inside another. In
effect, one takes the process
being controlled and finds some
intermediate variable within
the process to use as the set
point for the main loop.
 Ratio Control Loops

 Ratio control is often

associated with process
operations in which two or
more streams must be mixed
together continuously to
maintain a steady
composition in the resulting
mixture.
Feedforward Control
Loops
 In feedforward control, a sensor is
used to detect process load changes
or disturbances as they enter the
system. Feedforward control poses
some significant problems.
 Therefore, feedforward control is
more complicated and more
expensive, and it requires the
operator to have a better
understanding of the process than
does a standard feedback control
loop. So, feedforward control is
generally reserved for well-
understood and critical applications.
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