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Introduction to writing
The anatomy of a research article
- components of an article
- selecting a title
- determining authorship
- presenting data responsibly
20-steps to research article
- a step-by-step process for writing an article
- choosing the right journal
- outlining and writing
- dealing with writer’s block
- responding to reviewers’ comments
What is a “paper”?
Anatomy of a Research Article
• title • methods
• authors • results
• affiliations • discussion
• abstract • references
• introduction • bibliography
Redundant publication
• What is “redundant”? • Why be concerned?
- same data, different - inflation of publication record
journal
- misuse of valuable space
- available in abstract form
- inaccurate impression of
- data included in review
article replication
- expansion of published . Basic science
data set . Clinic science
Why write?
• Contribute knowledge
• Get feedback
• Ensure science rigor
• Built reputation
Authorship
• Criteria for inclusion
One group of children was provided with visual instruction only, one
with auditory instruction only, and one with both.
Abstract
proper organization
1. Introduction
2. Method
3. Results (past tense) discussion
4. Final summary
“The effect on body weight is discussed.”
• What is function ?
• Proper organization
1. what is the state of knowledge
2. what is the question
3. statement of hypothesis (optional)
4. summary of results (optional)
Scholarship
Aid in transition
The results of the previous experiment suggested to
us that the dopamine released was not derived from
vesicular stores but from the cytoplasm. To test this
possibility…
Responsible presentation of data
High crimes
• Poorly organized
• Inadequate scholarship
• Repeats introduction
• Doesn’t compare results w/ others
• No discussion of alternative explanations
Bibliography
Start writing
• Before all data collected
• Before equipment dismantled
• Before you have moved on
Step 2
Draft an abstract
Step 5
John Steinbeck
Writer’s block I don’t know where to
• I don’t know where to begin
• I don’t know what to say begin
• I’m not a good writer • Use your outline
• Write the easies section first
I don’t know what I’m not a good writer
to say
• No one’s first draft is readable
• Find out more about the • Editing is much easier than
subject writing
• Just do it!
Step 12
Times Roman
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Helvetica
Step 13
• The text
• Tables and figures
• Cover letter
Cover letter
• Summary
• Value to journal
• Relevance
• Significance
• Content
• writing
Pet Peeves of Reviewers
• Accept as is
• Revise • Revise: incorporate editor’s
and reviewer’s suggestions
• reject
• Submit manuscript to another
journal
• Appeal the decision
Cover letter for a
revised manuscript
• Specify that this is a revision
• Address each of the concerns raised by
reviewer’s and point out changes
Cover letter for a
revised manuscript
1. Reviewer #2 felt that more detailed information
on moral reasoning should be provided.
This information has been inserted (see p. 9).
Writing style:
Adherence to journal’s style requirements?
- length
- other requirements
Free of grammar, punctuation, spelling errors?
intelligible to the journal’s readership?
SELECT RESOURCES
Writing Research Articles
Particularly good resources are marked with an asterisk
Blake G & Bly RW. The Elements of Technical Writing. New York: Macmillian,
1993.
Cleveland WS. The Elements of Graphing Data. Murray Hill, NJ: AT & T Bell
Lab., 1994
Council of Biology Editors. Scientific Style and Format. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1994.
Day RA. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, 5th Edition . Phoenix: Oryx
Press, 1998. There are a great many books on the subject; this is the best – wise
and witty, takes you from creating the title to checking the galley proofs. Read it,
then keep it handy.
Day RA. Scientific English : A Guide for Scientists and Other Professionals. Phoenix:
Oryx Press, 1992. A good extension of “How to write…” although some of the
material overlaps.
Gowers E. Fowler’s Modern English Usage, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press,
1984.
Huth EJ. How to Write and Publish Papers in the Medical Sciences, 2nd Edition.
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.
Kosslyn SM. Elements of Graph Design. New York: Freeman and Co, 1994.
Filled with useful advice. Although not specifically written for research
presentation the majority of the information appears to be relevant. Useful
side-by-side presentation to “do” and “don’t.”
Morgan P. An Insider’s Guide for Medical Authors & Editors. Philadelphia: iSi
Press, 1986.
Sides CH. How to Write and Present Technical Information. USA: Oryx Press,
1990.
Strunk W Jr & White EB. The Elements of Style, 3rd Edition. New York:
MacMillan, 1979.
A classic, easy-to-use reference on writing.
Websites