IZAT EZATTE BINTI MUSA

4 UTM
THE NECESSITY FOR THE REPRODUCTION
OF NEW CELLS ORGANISMS.
 Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two
daughter cells which are genetically to each other and to
their parent cell.
 The significance of mitosis in living things:
 Repair and replace the damaged or dead cells
 Increases the number of unicellular organisms.
 Ensures that new cell are genetically identical to the parent
 Preserve the diploid number of chromosomes
 Increases the number of cells in individuals(single-celled
organisms)
 Aids in growth process(multi-celled organisms)
The phases in the cell cycle
 Cell cycle-the life of a cell from the time it is produced
until it completely divides into two new daughter cells.
 Activity of the cell during mitotic division:
 Preparing for the division
 Produce cytoplasm and organelles-formation of
daughter cells.
 Two major phases:
 Interphase
 Mitotic cell division(M Phase)
Phase in Cell cycle
 Interphase
PHASE DESCRIPTIONS
G1(FIRST GAP) •The size of cells increases
•RNA is produced
•Synthesise protein and new organelles
•Chromosome cannot be observed clearly and known
as chromatin
S(SYNTHESIS) •DNA synthesis
•The DNA replication takes place
•The copied chromosomes contain two sister
chromatids which are identical
G2(SECOND GAP) •Cell preparing for division(mitosis)
•The cell grows,produces organelles,protein and
membrane
•Nucleus is well-defined
•Chromosome duplication completed
•DNA loosely packed in long chromatin fibres
1. Interphase
 This is the resting or non-
mitotic of the cell cycle
 It comprise G1,S and G2 stage
of the cell cycle
 DNA is replicated during the
S phase of interphase
The M phase(mitosis and cytokinesis)
 PROPHASE
 If the first stage of mitosis
 The chromosomes condense
and become visible
 The centrioles form and move
toward opposite ends of the
cell(the pole)
 The nuclear membrane
dissoves and the mitotic
spindle thread is formed(from
the centrioles)
 Spindle fibers from each
centriole attach to each sister
chromatid at the kinetochore
 Chromatids are connected at
the centromere
METAPHASE
 The chromosomes
lined up on the cell
equator which is the
metaphase plate
 The spindle fibres
are formed
completely
  ANAPHASE
 Spindle attached to
kinetochores begin to
shorten
Early anaphase
 This exerts a force on the
sister chromatids and pulls
them apart
 Spindle fibres continue to
shorten,pulling chromatids to
opposite poles of the cell

Late anaphase
 TELOPHASE

 Both chromosomes have

reached the opposite poles
 The chromosomes
decondensed
 The nuclear enveloped is
formed
 Nucleus reformed
 The spindle fibres dissappear
 Once separate,the chromatds
are again called
chromosomes
 Two daughter nuclei are
formed with identical set of
chromosomes
 Cytokinesis
 Cytokinesis is the process of the cytoplasm division after the
separation of chromosomes
CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELL

•The vesicles move to the equator

between the two nuclei and fuse to
form two membranes that become cell
plate

•The cell plate grows upwards

•The new cell wall is laid down between
membranes and fuses with the existing
cell wall
CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL
CELLS
The vesicles move to the
equator between the two
nuclei and fuse to form two
membranes that become cell
plate
The cell plate grows
upwards
The news cell wall is laid
down between membranes
and fuses with the existing
cell wall
 The importance controling mitosis
 To ensure that organism can function properly
 To ensure that organisms can grow and develop
normally
 To help in repairing damage cells and tissues for the
survival of life
 The effects of uncontrolled mitosis in
living things
 It due to the changes of gene which control the cell cycle e,g:The
growth of cancerous cell
 Cancerous cells could lead to the death of the organism if it is
not prevented from invanding and destroying neighbouring cells
 This condition can be caused by certain virus,toxic chemical
susbtances
 The cells divide very fast and unregulated.(Tumour)
 Benign tumour-Abnormal cells that remain at the original site and be
removed by surgery
 Malignant tumour-becomes invasive and spreads to neighbouring tissues and
cells (cancer)
The application of knowledge on mitosis in cloning
 Production of genetically identical individuals

Cloning of sheep
 Producing genetically identical organisms which carry a
useful gene
 A piece of DNA carrying a gene of interest and a gene for antibiotic
resistance
 The cells is grown on a medium containing the antibiotic so that only
the cells with the inserted DNA will survive
 The nuclei from surviving cells is inserted into unnucleated egg cells
 The egg cells is implanted into the surrogate mother
 Clone which carry the useful gene are born
 Application of cloning technology is important
to:
 Produce genetically identical organs for transplantation
 Produce human tissues
 Repopulate endangered species
The advantages and disadvantages of cloning
Advantages Disadvantages
Ensure the continuity of Raise ethical issues on human
hereditary traits from the parent to The resistance of the clones
the clones towards diseases and pests is the
Increase the rate of production same.If a clone is infected with a
and the quality of the products disease or attacked and die
Good qualities of the plants and
animals can be selected and Raise ethical issues on human
maintained in the clones cloning
Many clones are produced in a
short time
Can be carried out any time of the
year