Membran

Kusumo Hariyadi
Blok 3
1. Facilitated transport
• A form of passive transport in which materials
are moved across the plasma membrane by a
transport protein down their concentration
gradient ; hence, it does not require energy.
 Common sites of active transport are root hair
cells the wall of small intestine(villi).
2. Active transport

• A kind of transport wherein ions or molecules

move against a concentration gradient, which
means movement in the direction opposite that
of diffusion – or – movement from an area of
lower concentration to an area of higher
concentration. Hence, this process will require
expenditure of energy, and the assistance of a
type of protein called a carrier protein.
3. Diffusion

• 1. The passive movement of molecules or particles along a

concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions
of lower concentration.
• 2. The spontaneous net movement of particles down their
concentration gradient (i.e. difference in the concentrations
of substances or molecules between two areas).
• 3. (Cell biology): a type of passive transport, therefore, it is
a net movement of molecules in and out of the cell across
the cell membrane along a concentration gradient.
• Unlike active transport, diffusion does not
involve chemical energy. When molecules
move (diffuse) via special transport proteins
found within the cell membrane, it is called
facilitated diffusion, otherwise it is only simple
diffusion. An example of diffusion in biological
system is diffusion of oxygen and carbon
dioxide across the alveolar-capillary
membrane in mammalian lungs.
4. Osmosis
• 1. Diffusion of a solvent (usually water molecules)
through a semipermeable membrane from an area of
low solute concentration to an area of high solute
concentration.
• 2. Net movement of water molecules through a
semipermeable membrane from an area of higher
water potential to an area of lower water potential.
• 3. Tendency of water to flow from a hypotonic solution
(low concentration of dissolved substances) to
hypertonic solution (higher concentration of dissolved
substances) across a semipermeable membrane
• In biological systems, osmosis is essential since many biological
membranes are semipermeable, and it leads to different
physiological effects. For example, when an animal cell is exposed
to a hypertonic surrounding (or lower water concentration) the
water will leave the cell causing the cell to shrink.
• When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic surrounding (or higher
water concentration), the water molecules will move into the cell
causing the cell to swell. If osmosis continues and becomes
excessive the cell will eventually burst. In a plant cell, excessive
osmosis is prevented due to the osmotic pressure exerted by the
cell wall thereby stabilizing the cell. In fact, osmotic pressure is the
main cause of support in plants. However, if a plant cell is placed in
a hypertonic surrounding, the cell wall cannot prevent the cell from
losing water. It results in cell shrinking (or cell becoming flaccid).