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The Inverse z-Transform

In science one tries to tell people, in such a way


as to be understood by everyone, something
that no one ever knew before.
But in poetry, it's the exact opposite.
Paul Dirac

Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer, and Buck, ©1999-2000 Prentice Hall
Inc.
The Inverse Z-Transform
• Formal inverse z-transform is based on a Cauchy integral
• Less formal ways sufficient most of the time
– Inspection method
– Partial fraction expansion
– Power series expansion
• Inspection Method
– Make use of known z-transform pairs such as
1
a un 
n
Z
 z  a
1  az1
– Example: The inverse z-transform of
n
1 1 1
Xz  z   xn    un
1 2 2
1  z 1
2

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 2
Inverse Z-Transform by Partial Fraction Expansion
• Assume that a given z-transform can be expressed as
M

b z k
k

Xz   k 0
N

 k
a
k 0
z k

• Apply partial fractional expansion


M N N
Ak s
Cm
Xz  B z r
  
r 0
r
k 1,k  i 1  dk z
1

m 1 1  d z
i
1

m

• First term exist only if M>N


– Br is obtained by long division
• Second term represents all first order poles
• Third term represents an order s pole
– There will be a similar term for every high-order pole
• Each term can be inverse transformed by inspection
Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 3
Partial Fractional Expression

M N N
Ak s
Cm
Xz  B z r
   
r 0
r
k 1,k  i 1  dk z 1

m 1 1  d z
i
1

m

• Coefficients are given as

 
Ak  1  dk z 1 Xz  z  d
k

Cm 
1
s  m!  di  s m
 ds m
 s m
 s
 
1 
1  diw X w 
 dw w  di1

• Easier to understand with examples

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 4
Example: 2nd Order Z-Transform
1 1
Xz   ROC : z 
 1 1  1 1  2
 1  z  1  z 
 4  2 
– Order of nominator is smaller than denominator (in terms of z-1)
– No higher order pole
A1 A2
Xz   
 1 1   1 1 
1  z  1  z 
 4   2 

 1 1  1
A1  1  z Xz    1
 4  1  1 1
1

z
4 1    
 2  4 
 
 1  1
A2  1  z 1 Xz  2
 2  1  1 1
1

z
2 1    
 4 2 
 
Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 5
Example Continued
1 2 1
Xz    z 
 1 1   1 1  2
 1  z   1  z 
 4   2 

• ROC extends to infinity


– Indicates right sided sequence

n n
1 1
xn  2  un -   un
2  4

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 6
Example #2

Xz  
1  2z 1  z 2


1  z 1 
2

z 1
3 1 1 2 
1 z  z
2 2
1 1 
1  z  1  z
2
1
 
 
• Long division to obtain Bo
 1  5z 1
Xz   2 
2
1 2 3 1 2
z  z  1 z  2z
1
1
 1 1 
1  z  1  z
2
1
 
 
2 2
z 2  3z 1  2 A1 A2
Xz  2  
5z 1  1 1 1 1  z 1
1 z
2

 1 
A1  1  z 1 Xz
 2  1
 9 
A2  1  z1 Xz  z 1
8
z
2

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 7
Example #2 Continued
9 8
Xz  2   z 1
1 1 1  z 1
1 z
2

• ROC extends to infinity


– Indicates right-sides sequence

n
1
xn  2n  9  un - 8un
2

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 8
Inverse Z-Transform by Power Series Expansion
• The z-transform is power series

Xz    xn z
n  
n

• In expanded form
Xz    x 2 z2  x 1 z1  x0  x1 z1  x2 z2  

• Z-transforms of this form can generally be inversed easily


• Especially useful for finite-length series
• Example
 1
2


Xz  z2 1  z 1  1  z 1 1  z 1  
 1 n  2
 1
 
 2 n  1
1 1 1 
2
 z  z 1 z xn   1 n  0
2 2  1
 n1
1 1 2
xn  n  2  n  1  n  n  1  0
 n2
2 2
Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 9
Z-Transform Properties: Linearity
• Notation
xn 
Z
 Xz ROC  R x
• Linearity

ax1 n  bx2 n 


Z
 aX1 z  bX2 z ROC  R x1  R x2

– Note that the ROC of combined sequence may be larger than


either ROC
– This would happen if some pole/zero cancellation occurs
– Example:
xn  anun - anun - N
• Both sequences are right-sided
• Both sequences have a pole z=a
• Both have a ROC defined as |z|>|a|
• In the combined sequence the pole at z=a cancels with a zero at z=a
• The combined ROC is the entire z plane except z=0
• We did make use of this property already, where?

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 10
Z-Transform Properties: Time Shifting
xn  no  
Z
 zno Xz ROC  R x

• Here no is an integer
– If positive the sequence is shifted right
– If negative the sequence is shifted left
• The ROC can change the new term may
– Add or remove poles at z=0 or z=
• Example
 
 1  1
Xz  z 
1
 z 
 1  1 z 1  4
 
 4 

n-1
1
xn    un - 1
 4

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 11
Z-Transform Properties: Multiplication by Exponential
znoxn 
Z
 Xz / zo  ROC  zo R x

• ROC is scaled by |zo|


• All pole/zero locations are scaled
• If zo is a positive real number: z-plane shrinks or expands
• If zo is a complex number with unit magnitude it rotates
• Example: We know the z-transform pair
1
un  Z
ROC : z  1
1 - z-1
• Let’s find the z-transform of

cos on un  re  un  12 re  un


1 j
xn  r  
n n  jo n
o

2
1/2 1/2
Xz   z r
1  re jo z 1 1  re  jo z 1

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 12
Z-Transform Properties: Differentiation
dXz
nxn 
Z
 z ROC  R x
dz
• Example: We want the inverse z-transform of


Xz  log1  az1  z  a

• Let’s differentiate to obtain rational expression


dXz  az2 dXz 1 1
 1
 z  az
dz 1  az dz 1  az1

• Making use of z-transform properties and ROC

nxn  a a un  1


n1

an
xn   1 un  1
n 1

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 13
Z-Transform Properties: Conjugation

x* n 
Z
 X* z*   ROC  R x

• Example

Xz    xn z n

n  

 
 
X z     xn z n  

 x n z  n

 n    n  

   x n z    x n z  
 

X z    n   n
 Z x n
n   n  

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 14
Z-Transform Properties: Time Reversal
1
x n 
Z
 X1 / z ROC 
Rx
• ROC is inverted
• Example:
xn  anu n

• Time reversed version of anun

1 - a-1z 1
Xz   z  a1
1  az 1 - a-1z 1

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 15
Z-Transform Properties: Convolution
x1 n  x2 n 
Z
 X1 zX2 z ROC : R x1  R x2
• Convolution in time domain is multiplication in z-domain
• Example:Let’s calculate the convolution of
x1 n  anun and x2 n  un
1 1
X1 z  ROC : z  a X 2 z   ROC : z  1
1  az1 1  z1
• Multiplications of z-transforms is
1
Y z   X1 z X2 z  

1  az1 1  z 1 
• ROC: if |a|<1 ROC is |z|>1 if |a|>1 ROC is |z|>|a|
• Partial fractional expansion of Y(z)
1  1 1 
Y z   1
 1 
asume ROC : z  1
1  a 1  z 1  az 
yn 
1
1a

un  an1un 
Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan EEE 315- Digital Signal Processing 16

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