Chapter 3

 Common transmission system

 OSI or TCP/IP models most common
 Frameworks = Common map
 For venders to share a common set of actions
 Different protocols at different levels
 Cooperating protocols make up a family or suite
 Ipx/spx
 Apple talk
 Tcp/ip

 Each layer handles a portion of the transmission

 Data formats
 Break digital format into bitstrings, which are divided into fields that catty info

 Address formats
 Define standard for ID’ing sending and receiving hosts

 Address mapping
 One address scheme mapped to another,
 Ex. IP to MAC

 Routing transfers information from one network to another (layer 3)

 Error Detection
 Detects errors on unreliable networks
 TCP
 Reliable delivery
 3 way Handshake method
 Client sends a SYN packet
 Server sends SYN and ACK packets back
 Client sends ACK back to server

 TCP details
 Window size = how much can be sent before ack
 Can continue transmission once ack is received
 Retransmission = Packet resent
 Sequence number: unique identifier for each packet
 Good for unreliable networks
 UDP
 No acknowledgments, ording or duplication protection
 Transmits faster than TCP
 More throughput on distant networks
 Speed over 100% reliability
 VOIP or video streaming
 OSI Layer 4 (transport)
 16-bit #
 Used by TCP and UDP
 Ports listen when open and waiting for incoming connection
 Major applications use standard, well known ports
 80 - http
 443 –https

 Servers may shift port on an established connection.

 Well known ports <1024
 Non well know > 1024
 Specifies source and destination port
 0-65535
 TCP – can’t use 0
 reserved
 Grouping transport protocol, port and IP
 Single binding per IP and port combo
 Source of conflicts or ‘port already in use’ message
 Firewalls, routers and switches use ports
 Firewalls connect to services, recognize services, and examine packets
 Routers and switches ID services for QoS
 VOIP vs Web traffic
 Common switched infrastructure
 Switches and switching
 MAC addressing
 IP addressing
 Routers and routing
 Encapsulated
 Device1 => L3 => L2 => L1 =>L2 =>L3 => Device2
 Transmission from router to router

 Protocol Data Unit

 PDU
 Data type for each layer of the OSI model
 Encapsulation moves down the OSI model
 Decapsulation moves up the OSI model
 Think Russian nesting dolls

 Bit = L1 PDU
 L2 PDU
 Last frame before data put on network line
 And also the first to come off the other side

 Framing bits, packet payload, and Frame Checking Sequince

 FCS is for error detection
 L3 PDU
 Control information and payload
 Control info: source and destination IP, sequence info, and error detection info
 Payload: user data to transmit
 TCP – segment
 Made up of header and data
 Header contains sequence, window, etc.

 UDP- datagram
 Datagram is similar to segment, but with less options
PDU = Data

Compressed

Encrypted

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