Analog to Digital

Conversion
 Analog to Digital Conversion
 Sampling is the process of converting a signal from
continuous time to discrete time, obtained by taking samples
of the analog signal.
 Quantization is the conversion of a discrete-time continuous-
valued signal into a discrete-time discrete-valued signal.
 Coding is the process wherein each discrete value of the
quantized signal is represented by a b-bit binary sequence.
 SAMPLING
Generally, the analog signal is described
by the function
x(t )  A cos(t   )
Getting samples of the analog signal will
result to x[n], a discrete time signal,
generally represented as
x[n]  A cos(n   )
Allowable Range

FS    FS
FS FS
 F
2 2
  f 
1 1
2 2
   
 SAMPLING THEOREM

 To avoid aliasing, Sampling Theorem

states that the sampling frequency must
be greater than or equal to twice the
highest frequency present in the analog
signal.
Fs≥ 2Fmax
 Aliasing is a phenomenon that occurs
when the sampling frequency is lower
than the Nyquist Rate.
 Nyquist Rate is twice the maximum
frequency component of the analog signal.
 Nyquist Frequency is half the sampling
frequency of a discrete signal. This is
sometimes called the folding frequency of
a sampling system.
 Sampling and quantization of an analog signal
Sampling

Amplitude-continues, Time-continues Amplitude-continues, Time-discrete

11

Quantizing 10

01

00

Amplitude- discrete, Time-discrete

 The quantization error, eq[n], in
rounding is limited to the range
–Δ/2 to Δ/2, or | Δ/2 |
Δ is the quantization step.

Δ = xmax – xmin
L-1
eq[n] = xq[n] – x[n]
xmax and xmin are, respectively, the maximum and
minimum amplitudes of x[n].
 In the coding process, the ADC assigns a
unique binary number to each quantized
level.
2b ≥ L or b ≥ log L/log2
bFs ≤ Bit Rate
where: b = number of bits
L= number of quantization levels
Fs= sampling frequency
Example:

 Consider the signal

x[n] = 0.9n n ≥ 0
0 n<0
the quantization step used is 0.1
First 10 samples
 Example:
 1) Consider the analog signal x(t)=3sin(100πt)
a) Sketch the signal x(t) for 0≤t≤30ms
(use 0 and multiple of 3ms). Do your
calculations up to 3 decimal places.
b) The signal x(t) is sampled at
300 samples/sec, determine the
normalized frequency of the discrete
time signal x[n].
c) At what value of t is x(t) at its maximum?
minimum?
Answer in
1a) 3

x=
0 2

2.4271 1

2.8532
0.9271 0

-1.7634 -1

-3.0000
-1.7634 -2

0.9271 -3
2.8532
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

2.4271
0.0000
Example:
2) Consider the analog signal (t is in seconds)
x(t)=3cos(50πt)+10sin(300πt)-cos(100πt)
a)What are the frequencies present in this
signal? b) What must be the sampling
frequency to avoid aliasing?
3) Consider the analog signal x(t)=3cos(100πt).
a)If the signal is sampled at 100Hz, what is
the discrete time signal after sampling?
b)If Fs=75Hz, what is x[n] after
sampling?Compare your answer with (a).
  
4) The discrete time signal x[n]  6.35cos n is quantized
 10 
with a quantization step of 0.02. How many bits are
required in the A/D converter?

5) An analog signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate of 8MHz

and quantized into 180 levels. Find the time duration T (in
seconds) of 1 bit of the binary signal.

Assignment 1:
1) Consider a continuous time signal x(t)=3sin(100πt). The
signal is sampled at a rate of 600 samples per second. a)
Find the DT signal after sampling b) For uniform
quantization step of 0.5, find the number of bits and
quantizing levels for this signal. c)Populate the table
similar to the one on slide #12 using n≥12. Plot.
Continuation of Assignment 1:
2) Determine the bit rate and the resolution in the sampling
of analog signal with x[n] of 1.02 Vpp, sampling rate of 20
samples per second and 8-bit ADC is used.
3) An analog television signal containing frequencies up to
4.5MHz is to be coded by an ADC. The sampling frequency
is 20% above the Nyquist rate. If there are 1024 quantizing
levels, determine the transmission bit rate.
4) An analog signal is to be coded by an ADC. The signal
contains significant frequencies up to 6MHz. The
quantization error in any one sample value must be within
± 0.5% of the peak to peak amplitude range of the ADC.
How many binary digits must each sample contain?
Reference:
 Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications by
Proakis, John G. c2000 Published by Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd