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Some embryology
first
There are at first six
pairs of aortic
arches
In fish these are
connected to the
gills
They undergo a
transformation in
mammals
Birds use the right
arch of the fourth pair
Mammals use the
left arch of the
fourth pair
2
Ventral (anterior)
view
Transformation :
Full set of arches develops, 4th through 7th
but not all present at weeks: some persist,
the same time; (before some atrophy
transformation)
3
4th arches become:
Left side: aortic arch
Right side: brachiocephalic trunk
4
What the aortic
arches become…
5
3 Major types of
blood vessels
Body
RA 1.Arteries
RV 2.Capillaries
Lungs 3.Veins
LA
LV Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Boby -”branch,” “diverge” or “fork”
Veins carry blood toward the heart
-”join”, “merge,” “converge”
6
General characteristics of vessels
7
Intima is endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
May have subendothelial layer if 1mm or larger
Tunica media: layers of circular smooth muscles
Lamina (layers) of elastin and collagen internal and external
Thicker in arteries than veins (maintain blood pressure)
Smooth muscle
contraction:
vasoconstriction
Smooth muscle
relaxation:
vasodilation
Sympathetic
vasomotor
nerves of
autonomic
nervous system
regulate
8
Adventitia (t. externa) – longitudinally running
collagen and elastin for strength and recoil
9
“muscular” middle sized artery 10
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
From big to small, these are the categories:
1. Elastic
2. Muscular
3. Arterioles (then these to capillaries)
Pressure diminishes along the route
Universal function
Oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues
CO2 and nitrogenous waste (protein break-down product)
removal
Some also have tissue specific functions 14
Capillaries
15
There’s a capillary “bed” in almost all tissues
16
Capillary permeability
17
Veins
Pressure has been lowered so capillaries
can tolerate
With lower pressure, walls (of veins) can
be thinner
From smallest to large:
Capillaries to postcapillary venules to venules to
veins
Veins are larger than arteries, plus
Tunica externa is thicker
There is less elastin
18
Special features of veins
Valves
Prevent backflow
Most abundant in legs (where
blood has to travel against gravity)
Muscular contraction
Aids the return of blood to heart in
conjunction with valves
Mechanical issues…
(really good to know)
19
Exercise helps
circulation
(because
muscles
contract and
squeeze blood
back to the
heart)
20
Vascular anastomoses
Vessels communicating with each other
Veins have more than arteries
Form alternative pathways or collateral channels
Protect organs from being supplied by just one
route
Poor anastomoses & therefore vulnerable: central
artery of retina, kidneys, spleen, bone diaphyses
Vasa vasorum
Means vessels of the vessels
Blood supply to vessel itself
Smallest vessels don’t need 21
Vascular System
(Blood vessels of the body)
Two circulations
Systemic
Pulmonary
26
Systemic Circulation
Oxygenated blood to body
Leaves LV through Ascending Aorta
Only branches are the 2 coronary arteries to the heart
Aortic Arch has three arteries branching from it:
1. Brachiocephalic trunk, has 2 branches:
Right common carotid a.
Right subclavian a.
2. Left common carotid a.
3. Left subclavian a.
Ligamentum arteriosum
connecting to pulmonary a.
27
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
at T12 becomes
abdominal aorta
Abdominal aorta
ends at L4
branching into:
R & L common
iliac arteries
28
Common
carotids branch:
Internal carotids
External carotids
Subclavian: 3
branches
Vertebral
arteries
Thyrocerical
trunk
Costocervical
trunk
29
Head and neck
Common carotids just
lateral to trachea: feel
At larynx divides into
internal & external
External carotid:
supplies head
external to brain and
orbit
Feel superficial
temporal a.
Middle meningeal:
vulnerable (branch of
maxillary)
Internal carotid
Supply orbits and
most of cerebrum
30
Internal carotid a.
Enters skull
through carotid
canal
Gives off:
Ophthalmic artery
Then divides into
anterior and middle
cerebral arteries
(see next slides):
together they supply
80% of cerebrum
31
32
33
Angiogram
34
arteriogram
Middle cerebral
arteries run through
lateral fissures
Anterior cerebral
arteries of each
side, through
anterior
communicating
artery, anastomose
35
R and L vertebral arteries* (from subclavians)
Ascend through vertebral foramina of C6-C1
transverse processes
Through foramen magnum into skull
Join to form one Basilar artery*
*
*
*
36 *
Basilar artery: branches
Divides into posterior cerebral arteries
Posterior communicating arteries connect to
middle cerebral arteries
CIRCLE OF WILLIS Note how it loops
around pituitary
(now called “cerebral arterial circle”) gland & optic chiasm
37
38
Upper limb
Subclavian runs
laterally onto 1st rib,
under clavicle
Enters axilla as
axillary artery
Sends branches
Continues as
brachial artery in
upper arm
Splits into radial &
ulnar arteries
See hand supply
41
Thorax
Anterior intercostals
branch off Internal
thoracic* (branch of
subclavian)
Posterior
*
intercostals branch
off Thoracic aorta
Small bronchial
arteries supply the
lung structures
Intercostal arteries,
veins and nerves
run just UNDER the
ribs 42
Arteries to the abdomen
Arise from the abdominal aorta
At rest, ½ arterial blood is here!
Three single midline branches supply the digestive tube
1. Celiac trunk
2. Superior mesenteric artery
3. Inferior mesenteric artery
1.
2.
3.
43
1. Celiac trunk: divides into 3 right away: left gastric,
splenic & common hepatic (see pic; the latter is
the only which goes off to the right)
2. Superior mesenteric supplies most of intestines
Definition of mesenteries: double layered sheets of peritoneum
that support most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
1.
2. 44
3. Inferior mesenteric supplies distal half of
large intestine
(The 1, 2 and 3 are branches of the abdominal aorta)
1.
2.
3.
Know what these terms mean: phrenic, gastric, hepatic, renal, colic
45
Arteries to the abdomen
Paired branches off the abdominal aorta
supply adrenal glands, kidneys, gonads
and abdominal body wall
supply
diaphragm
supply
adrenals
to kidney
3.
46
47
Abdominal aorta
branches into
Common iliacs at
L4; these branch
into
Internal iliacs to
pelvic organs,
perineum,
buttocks, medial
thighs
External iliacs: to
rest of lower limbs
48
External iliac
passes under
inguinal ligament
becoming Femoral
artery
At back of knee
femoral becomes
popliteal artery,
and branches
49
50
review
51
review
52
Systemic Veins
3 major vessels enter Right Atrium:
SVC (superior vena cava)
IVC (inferior vena cava)
Coronary sinus
Many veins are very superficial (unlike
arteries)
Venous plexuses (networks of anastomoses
and parallel veins) are very common
Head and hepatic portal systems are unusual
53
Dural sinuses
Drain the veins of
the brain
Cavernous sinuses
Carotid arteries and
some cranial nerves
run within them
Dangerous if trauma
Come together as
sigmoid sinus –
becomes Internal
Jugular vein
Exits skull through
jugular foramen
54
Internal jugular veins
Drain most of blood from brain
Run lateral to internal then common carotid
At base of neck joins subclavian v. to form brachiocephalic v.
External jugulars – drain some of scalp & face
55
Vein
overview
Note that unlike the arteries, the veins
have a brachiocephalic on the right
and left sides
Azygos system
drains the thorax:
56
Deep veins of
upper limbs follow
arteries, most of
them double to
one artery
Superficial veins:
see pic
Blood drawn from
median cubital
vein in antecubital
fossa
(look at)
57
Tributaries of IVC: note asymmetry
Left gonadal and suprarenal veins drain into left renal
vein
On right they drain directly into IVC
Right and left hepatic veins enter superior part of IVC
58
Hepatic portal system
Picks up digested nutrients from stomach & intestines and delivers them
to liver for processing and storage
Storage of nutrients
Detoxification of toxins, drugs, etc.
Two capillary beds
Route: artery to capillaries of gut to hepatic portal vein to liver’s
capillaries to hepatic vein to IVC
59
Kind of confusing…
Superior mesenteric
and splenic veins join
to form hepatic *
portal vein, which
goes up into liver
Inferior mesenteric
empties into the
*
splenic vein
60
(same info with different pic)
Tributaries of hepatic
portal vein:
-superior mesenteric vein
-splenic vein
-inferior mesenteric vein
63
Fetal
Circulation
The one umbilical
vein brings blood
which has been to
the placenta for
oxygenation (by gas
diffusion from mom’s
blood)
The pair of umbilical
arteries (branches
from baby’s internal
iliac arteries) carry
blood to placenta to
pick up oxygen and
nutrients
Fetal heart starts
beating at 21 days
post conception
64
65
66
Some Diseases