Kelompok : Rizki Andriani (5571701002)

Yoiron Wanena (5571701007)

Ade Irawati (5571701008)
PROGRAM Maulana Abidin (5571701009)
PASCASARJANA
MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL

KONSTRUKSI STRUKTUR BANGUNAN LAUT

METODE DAN PERALATAN
Dosen Pengampu : Dr.Ir. Albert Eddy Husin.MT
KONSTRUKSI
Underwater Construction
Brown, 2011

The term “underwater

construction” or “commercial
diving” covers a wide array of
activities. At the core, underwater
construction is simply industrial
construction that happens to
take place under water. Activities
vary greatly but include bridge
inspection, building repair, repair
 Underwater Construction
civildigital.com

Underwater construction is a method on how to

place the concrete underwater. During the
construction of bridges, dams or any structure
where the foundation is most likely to lie
underwater, the underwater construction is
opted. Construction in water poses many
difficulties especially in the places where the
depth is considerable. During underwater
construction, the main objective is to create dry
Kind of Underwater Construction

Bangunan
1
Pantai
Bangunan Lepas
2
Pantai
Pelabuhan (Port /
3
Harbour)
Jembatan dan
4
Terowongan
 Jenis Bangunan Pantai

Revetme
nt Jetty

Seawal
l

Breakwa
ter

Bulkhe
ad
 Seawall

A structure separating land and water

areas. It is designed to prevent coastal
erosion and other damage due to wave
action and storm surge, such as flooding.

Seawalls are normally very massive

structures because they are designed to
resist the full force of waves and storm
surge.
Source :
 Revetment

A revetment is a facing of stone, concrete units

or slabs, etc., built to protect a scarp, the foot
of a cliff or a dune, a dike or a seawall against
erosion by wave action, storm surge and
currents.

This definition is very similar to the definition

of a seawall, however a revetment does not
protect against flooding. Furthermore, a
revetment
Source : is often a supplement to other types
 Jetty

A jetty is a structure that projects from the land

out into water. Often, "jetty" refers to a
walkway accessing the centre of an enclosed
waterbody

Source :
 Bulkhead (partition)

Coastal bulkheads are most often referred to as

seawalls, bulkheading, or riprap revetments.
These manmade structures are constructed
along shorelines with the purpose of controlling
beach erosion.

Construction materials commonly used include

wood pilings, commercially developed vinyl
products, large boulders stacked to form a wall,
Sourceor a seawall
: built of concrete or another hard
 Breakwater

A breakwater is a structure constructed for the

purpose of forming an artificial harbour with a
basin so protected from the effect of waves as to
provide safe berthing for fishing vessels.

There are many different types of breakwaters;

natural rock and concrete, or a combination of
the two, are the materials which form 95 % or
more of all the breakwaters constructed.
Source :
Jenis Bangunan Lepas Pantai

Wind
Turbine

Oil Rig
 Wind Turbine
A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind's
kinetic energy into
electrical energy.

Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of

vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallest turbines
are used for applications such as battery charging for
auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic
warning signs. Slightly larger turbines can be used for
making contributions to a domestic power supply while
selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the
electrical grid.

Arrays of
Source : Wikipedia
large turbines, known as wind farms, are
 Oil Rig Facility

An oil platform, offshore platform, or (colloquially) oil

rig is a large structure with facilities for well drilling
(optionally), to extract and process oil and natural
gas, or to temporarily store product until it can be
brought to shore for refining and marketing.

In many cases, the platform contains facilities to

house the workforce as well.

Source : Wikipedia
Pelabuhan (Port / Harbour)

Harbour

Port
 Port

Ports are commercial places along the coastline that

are used for import and export of goods and cargo
from one country to another.

Source : Wikipedia
 Harbour

is a body of water where ships, boats, and barges

seek shelter from stormy weather, or are stored for
future use.

The term harbor, referring primarily to a sheltered

body of water, is often used interchangeably with port,
which is a man-made facility built for loading and
unloading vessels and dropping off and picking up
passengers.
Source : Wikipedia
Jembatan dan Terowongan

Bridge

Tunnel
 So,
How do these all constructed?
 Caisso
n
Constructio
n
Techniques
Cofferd
Underwater am
Constructio
n Tremie
(Concreting) Method
Pump
Placement Method
Method Toggle
Bags
Bag
Works
 CAISSON
Watertight retaining
structure.
Permanent structure.
Used to work for the construction of a
concrete dam, on the foundation of a
bridge pier, port or for the repair of
ships.
Constructed in such a manner so that the
water can be pumped out.
Large hollow structure that is sunk down
through the earth
Keeps working environment dry.

Source : Rather, 2010 or https://www.slideshare.net/abira42/underwater-construction

 Type of C A I S S O N
Box Caisson
Prefabricated concrete box.
It is set down on prepared bases.
Once in place it is filled with concrete to
the permanent
become part of works.
 Type of C A I S S O N
Open Caisson
Similar to box type, but doesn’t have
Used
bottom in
face.soft-clays not having large
It may fill withbeneath.
obstructions water during sinking.
 Type of C A I S S O N
Pneumatic Caisson
Large inverted box on which pier is built.
Compressed air is used to keep the
Used to
water work
and mudonout.
riverbed or quicksand.
 Type of C A I S S O N
Suction Caisson
More suitable for offshore construction.
Upturned bucket embedded in marine
Embedment achieved by pushing or by
sediment.
negative negative
creating pressure.
 Type of C A I S S O N

Excavated Caisson
are just as the name suggests, caissons
that are placed within an excavated site.
These are usually cylindrical in shape
and then back filled with concrete.
Floating Caisson
are also known as floating docks and are
prefabricated boxes that have cylindrical
cavities.

Source : https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/caisson-types-construction-advantages/503/
open C A I S S O
 Advantages of C A I S S O N
Economic.
Minimize pilecap needs.
Slightly less noise and reduced vibrations.
Easily adaptable to varying site conditions.
High axial and lateral loading capacity.
Minimal handling equipment is required for
placement of reinforcing cage.
Placement is sometimes possible in types
of soil that a driven pile could not
penetrate.
Source : Borker, 2009 or https://www.scribd.com/doc/140509110/UNDERWATER-
 Disadvantages of C A I S S O N
Extremely sensitive to construction
procedures.
Not good for contaminated sites.
Lack of construction expertise.
Lack of Qualified Inspectors.

Source : https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/caisson-types-construction-advantages/503/
 Dangers Encountered
Caisson Disease (decompression
syndrome)
Caisson disease, more commonly called decompression
sickness (DCS), is usually manifested as joint pain or
neurological dysfunction that occurs after exiting the
compressed air environment.
Caisson disease got its name from the pressurized
submerged structures, caissons, which were used to
prepare river bottoms for the placement of supports for
bridges.
The condition not only occurs in individuals who work in
compressed air, but also in recreational and professional
divers and aviators who fly at high altitude. A rapid
reduction in ambient pressure, after uptake of excessive
Source:amounts of nitrogen,
Medical Disability Advisor may cause bubbles to form in the
 Dangers Encountered
Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, which was built with
the help of Caissons, resulted in numerous workers being
either killed of permanently injured by caisson disease
during its construction, including the designer’s son and
Chief Engineer of the project.

Source : Rather, 2010 or https://www.slideshare.net/abira42/underwater-construction

 Material Used

Wood
Steel

Reinforced
Concrete

Source : Rather, 2010 or https://www.slideshare.net/abira42/underwater-construction

 Step by Step
Caissons, huge concrete boxes are lined up to
make a breakwater. The Caissons are made on
the ship called a “floating dock”.

Pile up stones on the seabed to make the base

forr Caissons.

Source : http://www.kanazawa.pa.hrr.mlit.go.jp/english/1524/1561/
 Pull the Caisson by the ship to the designed
location.

Sink the Caisson by filling it with water and pour

sand in it to make it heavy so that it would not
move. Close the Caissson with a concrete lid.

Source : http://www.kanazawa.pa.hrr.mlit.go.jp/english/1524/1561/
 Finally, put blocks that absorb the force of wave to
complete.

Source : http://www.kanazawa.pa.hrr.mlit.go.jp/english/1524/1561/
Caisson Technology in the Construction of Port
Infrastructure

- Box Caisson -
 Source
https://www.dictio.id/t/bagaimana-cara-membangun-sebuah-jembatan-layang-yang-
melintas-diatas-laut/12277/2

https://www.masterbuilder.co.in/different-types-marine-construction/

https://civildigital.com/underwater-construction-underwater-construction-techniques-
caissons-cofferdam/

https://www.scribd.com/doc/140509110/UNDERWATER-CONSTRUCTION

https://www.slideshare.net/abira42/underwater-construction

http://www.kanazawa.pa.hrr.mlit.go.jp/english/1524/1561/