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ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS
By:
MADAM IRMA NOORAZURAH MOHAMAD
T1-A13-2C
irma1095@gmail.com
Ext: 6409/ 012-219 0315
WEEK 6 – HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the week, students should
be able to:
1) apply unit hydrograph to determine direct runoff hydrograph
2) derive unit hydrograph from a storm hydrograph by principle of
superposition and lagging (CO2);
3) derive unit hydrographs of other durations from a unit
hydrograph (CO2);
4) derive synthetic unit hydrograph for a meteorologically similar
watershed (CO2).
Total runoff Direct runoff
hydrograph, TRH - Baseflow = hydrograph, DRH
Q Q Q
t t t
D
1cm RE * Volume of water in UH = RE
Q (m3/s)
* Average Intensity of RE
Unit RE
Unit RE Unit RE
A1 A2 A3
t t t
1cm RE P cm RE
Q Q
t t
tb tb
1cm RE P cm RE
Q Q
t t
tb tb
Q Q
D hr D hr D hr
1 cm 1 cm
1 cm
Total DRH:2 cm
1 cm RE
RE
1 cm RE
1 cm RE
t t
tb tb for 1st rainfall
Total DRH = Sum(DRHi) tb for nd
2 rainfall
n = number of rainfall
D-hr UH
Q D D D
D Q cm R cm
1cm P cm
Q
= (P+Q+R) DRH
Q-DRH
P-DRH R-DRH
t
tb
tb for P t
x3.5
60 8 28
x3.5
69 0 0 tb
Example: A catchment has a constant loss rate of 1.5 cm/h.
In a particular storm event, the catchment receive 6 cm
rainfall in 2 hours and 5 cm rainfall in the next 2 hours.
Determine the resulting runoff hydrograph if the average
baseflow is 20 m3/s and the 2 h UH is given.
t (h) 2h UH (m3/s)
t(h) P (cm)
0.0 0
1.0 25 0 0
2.0 40 2 6
3.0 25 4 5
4.0 13 For UH, tb = 8h
5.0 6 Time base for Total DRH,
6.0 3
tb’ = tb + (n-1)D
7.0 1
8.0 0
x RE depth: linear response
Lag time
= 2 hr
?????
160
DRH (3cm)
140
DRH (2cm)
120
TOTAL DRH
100 Flood Hydrograph
80
60
40
20
0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Example 6.5, pg208
t(h) 6hr-UH DRH2cm
0 0
x2
3 25
t = 3h 6 50 0
9 85 50
12 125 100 t = 3h t = 6h t = 9h
15 160 170
18 185 250
24 160 320
t = 6h 30 110 370
36 60 320
. . .
. . .
. . .
Example 6.5, pg208
t(h) 6hr-UH DRH2cm t(h) UH DRH2
.
0 +3 0 . .
x2 . . .
3 +3 25 . . .
6 +3 50 0 x2
48 +6 25 ??
9 +3 85 50 54 +6 16 50
12 125 100 60 +6 8 32
15 +3 160 170 69 +6 0 ??
18 +3 185 250 75 0
21 320
24 +6 160 370
30 +6 110 320 For UH, tb = 69h
36 60 220
42
.
.
36
.
.
120
.
.
Time base for Total DRH,
. . .
tb’ = tb + (n-1)D
DIY:
Example 6.6, pg 210
For 6hr-UH (same ordinates as EX 6.4), where tb = 69 h
t
Average UH
• determine average Qp, tpk and tb
Qp Average UH
Q
tpk tb t
Example
Time UH (m3/s) ≡ DRH (m3/s) UH (avg)
h storm 1 storm 2 storm 3 storm 4 storm 5 (m3/s)
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.5
4 9.4 6.0 8.5 5.5 9.1 7.7
6 9.3 9.9 8.0 10.1 8.5 9.2
8 7.0 8.2 6.1 8.3 6.5 7.2
10 5.2 6.1 4.5 5.9 5.0 5.3
12 3.3 4.3 2.8 4.3 3.5 3.7
14 2.1 2.9 1.8 3.0 2.4 2.5
16 1.2 1.9 0.8 1.9 1.4 1.5
18 0.6 1.0 0.0 1.2 0.6 0.7
20 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.2
22 0.0 0.0 0.0
Catchment area = 28.4 km2 RE (cm) = 1.00
D hr D hr
Q Q
P units RE
1 unit RE
V=PxA V=1xA
t t
tb tb
Rainfall Data
?
Unit Hydrograph Streamflow Data
Synthesis
Input Transfer Function Output
R1U9+ R2U8
D-hr
Convolution Computation
Time Rainfall UH Runoff due to Runoff due to Runoff due to Total direct runoff
(hr) excess Un 1 st 2 nd 4 th Qi
Rm X-hr rain X-hr rain X-hr rain
0 - 0 0 0 0 0
X R1 U1 R 1U 1 0 0 R 1U 1
2X R2 U2 R 1U 2 R 2U 1 0 R 1U 2 + R 2U 1
3X 0 U3 R 1U 3 R 2U 2 0 R 1U 3 + R 2U 2
4X R4 U4 R 1U 4 R 2U 3 R 4U 1 R 1 U 4 + R 2U 3 + R 4 U 1
5X … U5 R 1U 5 R 2U 4 R 4U 2 R 1 U 5 + R 2U 4 + R 4 U 2
6X U6 R 1U 6 R 2U 5 R 4U 3 R 1 U 6 + R 2U 5 + R 4 U 3
7X U7 R 1U 7 R 2U 6 R 4U 4 R 1 U 7 + R 2U 6 + R 4 U 4
8X U8 R 1U 8 R 2U 7 R 4U 5 R 1 U 8 + R 2U 7 + R 4 U 5
9X U9 R 1U 9 R 2U 8 R 4U 6 R 1 U 9 + R 2U 8 + R 4 U 6
10X U 10 R 1U 10 R 2U 9 R 4U 7 R 1U 10 + R 2U 9 + R 4U 7
11X 0 0 R 2U 10 R 4U 8 R 2U 10 + R 4U 8
12X 0 R 4U 9 R 4U 9
13X R 4U 10 R 4U 10
14X 0 0
Deconvolution Computation
Q1 = R1U1
Q2 = R2U1 + R1U2
Q3 = R3U1 + R2U2 + R1U3
…
QM = RMU1 + RM-1U2 + … + R1UM
QM+1 = 0 + RMU2 + … + R2UM + R1UM+1
…
QN+M-2 = 0 + 0 + … + RMUN-1 + RM-1UN
QN+M-1 = 0 + 0 + … + 0 + R MU N
Q=RxU
Q 1cm RE 2cm RE
t t
tb
tb
tb
Intensity = 1/D cm/h
Lag time
S
S-hydrograph B
S S
T/D cm
S x D/T
1 cm
t
lagged T hr
tb’ = tb + (T-D)
(DRH Ordinate) / RE depth = UH Ordinate
Example 6.10 pg:219
Derive S-curve for the 4-hr UH?
Hint: use Eq 6.8; S(t) = U(t) + S(t-D)
t = time, D = rainfall duration
D -hr Hint: use Eq 6.8; S(t) = U(t) + S(t-
Derive 12-h UH from 4-h UH???? D)
t = time, D = rainfall duration
T-hr SA SB (SA – SB)/Depth
Example 6.11; pg221
Approach constant at tb – D = 44 – 4 = 40h For S-curve
Q (m3/s)
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 t (h)
Example 6.11, pg221
Consider two D-h S-curve, displaced by T-h
tb’ = tb + (T-D) = 44 + (12-4) = 52h
Q (m /s)
3
S1 S2
S
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 t (h)
Example 6.12, pg221
Fairing
20 20 10 10
0 +4
0 12 42 -4 t (h)
Example 6.12, pg221
Fairing
0 12 42 t (h)
UH of different durations
Problem solving: 6.18, 6.19
Synthetic UH
Gauged Data UH
t ? t
tc Storm Hydrograph
D
D = rainfall duration
* Rainfall
L
tpk = time to peak
tb = time base
Q
tpk
Beginning of rainfalltb
Components of Hydrograph pg 198
Snyder’s Method – popular method
Snyder adopted a standard duration tr hours of effective rainfall
given by
tr = tp / 5.5
Required UH W75
Qp
Tp
Tb t
Snyder’s Method
Qp
W75 /3
0.75Qp
2/3 W75
0.5Qp
W50 /3 2/3 W50
tpk
t
Example 6.14, pg227 Snyder’s Method
Step 1: check whether source UH is standard
Step 2: determine regional constants (Ct & Cp) of source
UH
Step 3: check whether required UH is standard
Step 4: determine parameters of required UH
Step 5: determine time base of required UH
Step 6: finalizing required UH using S-curve method
Source UH Required UH
Qp
t
? t
Snyder’s Method
Step 1: check whether source UH is standard
Assume tr = t R
Source UH
tR tr = tp / 5.5 tp
If tp ’ = t p standard
tp’
Qp
If tp ’ t p non-standard
Tp = tR/2 + tp’
t
Snyder’s Method
Step 2: determine regional constants of source UH
If not standard
tp’ = tp + 0.25(tR – tr)
Source UH
tp
tR tp’ = 21tp /22 + 0.25tR
tp’
tp = Ct ( L.Lca )0.3 Ct
Qp
Qp = 2.78 CpA/ tp’ Cp
t
Snyder’s Method
Step 3: check whether required UH is standard
tp’ Assume tp ’ = t p
Qp If tr = t R standard
If tr t R non-standard
t
Snyder’s Method
Step 4: determine parameters of required UH
tp’
Qp = 2.78 CpA/ tp’ Qp
Qp
tpk = tR/2 + tp’
tpk t
Snyder’s Method
Step 4: determine parameters of required UH
W75
Qp W75 = W50 / 1.75
0.75Qp
0.5Qp
W50
t
Snyder’s Method
Step 5: determine time base of required UH
Qp
For small catchment:
tb t
62
Select suitable tb
31
W50 = 44h
t (h)
4 8 11.4 33 48 58
Example 6.14, pg228
Q (m3/s)
62 Or use a curve
46.5
W75 = 25 h
31
W50 = 44 h
t (h)
11.4
Snyder’s Method
Step 6: Finalising UH using S-curve method
• Multiply Q/Qp by Qp =Q
• Plot Q vs t
10
9
8
Example: 7
6
tpk = 20h 5
4
Qp = 10m3/s 3
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
SCS Method - SCS Triangular UH
• UH in triangular shape (FIGURE 6.21(b)
• where Tb = 2.67xTp where Tp = time to peak@ lag basin = tr/2 + tp
• Qp = 2.08A/Tp where A in km2