FILTRATION Reading: Chap 6

Fiber filter

Q: Do filters function simply as sieves (to

collect particles larger than the sieve spacing)?

Packing density/solidity
fiber volu me
  1 - porosity
total volume
For fiber filter,  < 0.1
For woven filter,  ~ 0.3
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 Theodore &
Buonicore,
Air Pollution
Control
Equipment,
CRC Press,
1988.
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 Shaker Baghouse Shaker Cleaning Parameters
Frequency Several cycles/s
Motion type Simple harmonic
or sinusoidal
Peak 1-10 gravity
acceleration
Amplitude Fraction to a few
inches
Mode Off-stream
Duration 10-100 cycles, 30
s to a few minutes
Common 5, 8, 12 in
bag diameter

Q: What are the common

problems encountered?
Theodore & Buonicore,
Air Pollution Control Equipment,
CRC Press, 1988.
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 Reverse-Air

Q: Pros and Cons?

Cleaning dust on baghouse
walls by traditional sledge-
hammering
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 Reverse-Air Cleaning Parameters
Frequency Clean a compartment at a time,
sequencing 1 compartment
after another; continuous or
initiated by a max.-pressure-
drop switch
Motion Gentle collapse of bag
(concave inward) upon
deflation; slowly repressurize a
compartment after completion
Reverse-Jet
of a backflush
Mode Off stream
Duration 1-2 min, incl. valve opening,
closing & dust settling periods;
reverse-air flow itself normally
10-30 s
Bag diameter 8, 12 inch; length 22, 30 ft
Bag tension 50-75 lb

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 Pulse-Jet Frequency A row of bags at a time;
sequenced 1 row after
another; can sequence such
that no adjacent rows clean
one after another; initiation of
cleaning can be triggered by
max-pressure-drop switch or
may be continuous
Motion Shock wave passes down bag;
bag distends from cage
momentarily
Mode On-stream; in difficult-to-
clean applications such as
coal-fired boilers, off-stream
compartment cleaning being
studied
Duration Compressed air (100 psi)
pulse duration 0.1 s; bag row
effectively off-line
Bag 5-6 in
diameter

Q: How can the blown-away particles by the on-line cleaning process be collected?
Q: Felted fabric or woven fabric?
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 Air/Cloth Ratio
Q
V
A
Filtration velocity
(average velocity)

Q: If thicker fabric is needed

to sustain the high force, is
its operating cost higher?

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 Filtration Mechanisms
• Diffusion (Lee & Liu, 1982) http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/respiratory/section04.html

1 Q: How does efficiency change wrt dp?

E D  2 .58 Pe 2 / 3
Ku Q: How to increase efficiency by diffusion?
df U0
Pe  Peclet number
D
1 3 2
Ku   ln     Kuwabara hydrodynamic factor
2 4 4

Lee, K.W. & Liu, B.Y.H., Aerosol Sci. Technol.,

1:47-61, 1982

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 • Impaction (Yeh & Liu, 1974)
( Stk ) J Q: How to increase impaction efficiency?
EI 
2 Ku 2 Q: How does efficiency change wrt dp?
 U0  d 2
p p Cc U 0
Stk  
df 18 d f
dp
J  ( 29.6  28 0 . 62
) R  27.5R
2 2 .8
for R  0.4 R 
df
(J = 2 for
R > 0.4)

Yeh. H.C. & Liu, B.Y.H., J. Aerosol Sci.,

5:191-217, 1974
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 • Interception (Krish & Stechkina, 1978)
1 R   1 
2
  
ER  2 ln( 1  R)  1      (1  )  (1  R) 
2

2 Ku  1 R  2 2 

Fat Man’s Misery,

Mammoth Cave NP

Q: How to increase interception efficiency?

Krish, A. A. & Stechkina, I. B., “The theory of Aerosol Filtration with Fibrous Filters”,
in Fundamentals of Aerosol Science, Ed. Shaw, D. T., Wiley, 1978.
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 • Gravitational Settling
E G  G(1 R) for U 0 and VTS in the same direction
VTS  d 2
p p Cc g
G 
U0 18 U 0
• Total Single Fiber Efficiency
E  1  (1  ED )(1  EI )(1  ER )(1  EG )
 ED  EI  ER  EG
• Total Filter Efficiency
  4E H 
E  1  P  1  exp    1  exp  S f E 
  (1   ) d 
 f 
Sf: Solidarity factor
Q: How does the filter efficiency change wrt particle size?
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 Filter efficiency for individual mechanism
and combined mechanisms
1.0

0.8
Efficiency

0.6
Interception
Impaction
0.4 Diffusion
Gravitation H = 1mm
Total  = 0.05
0.2 df = 2m
U0=10 cm/s
0.0
0.01 0.1 1 10
dp (m)
Q: Should we increase or decrease flow velocity in order to increase
collection efficiency for (a) tobacco smoke, (b) cement dust?
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 Parallel
Flow
Operation

Q: How do you determine when to clean?

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 Pressure Drop (Filter Drag Model)
P  Pf  Pp  Ps 
K2
 K1V  K2 LVt V

Areal Dust Density W  LVt

K1
Filter drag
P
S  S  K1  K2W
V
K1 & K2 to be determined empirically Time (min) P, Pa
Pf: fabric pressure drop 0 150
Pf: particle layer pressure drop 5 380

Ps: structure pressure drop 10 505

20 610
Q: What is the pressure drop after 100 minutes of operation? 30 690
L = 5 g/m3 and V = 0.9 m/min. 60 990
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 Number of Compartments

t f  N (t r  tc )  tc
Flow rate
Q
QN 
N
Q
QN 1 
N 1
Filtering velocity
QN Q
VN  
AC NAC
Q: What are the parameters that
QN 1 Q
VN 1   affect our decision on the number
AC ( N  1) AC of compartments to be used?

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 Areal dust density Filter drag
W j  ( N  1)(VN Ltr  VN 1 Ltc ) S j  K1  K 2W j
Actual filtering velocity Pressure drop
V j  f NVN 1 Pj  Pm  S jV j

N f N  V f / VN 1
3 0.87
4 0.8
5 0.76
7 0.71
10 0.67
12 0.65
15 0.64
20
20 0.62
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 Ex. Calculate the max pressure drop that must be supplied
for the following baghouse for a filtration time of 60
minutes: K1 = 1 inch H2O-min/ft, K2 = 0.003 inch H2O-
min-ft/grain, tc = 4 min, 5 compartments, L = 10
grain/ft3, Q = 40000 ft3/min, Ac = 4000 ft2/compartment.

Other factors to be considered for selecting a filter?

• Temperature & Humidity
• Chemical nature of gas
• Fire/Explosion
• Bag/arrangement
• Dust handling
• Fan location
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 Advantages & Disadvantages of a Baghouse
• Advantages:

• Disadvantages:

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