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1. NOTEBOOKS
2. EXERCISES & EXPERIMENTS
CHAPTER 1 RESPIRATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
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1.1 HUMAN BREATHING MECHANISM
Human Respiratory System
Breathing is a process in which air is inhaled (taken in) and
exhaled (given out) by a living body.
The system in our body that helps us to breathe is the
human respiratory system.
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Parts of Human Respiratory System :
Structure of the Lungs
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Pathway of Air Through Human Respiratory
System:
Inhalation
Tarikan Nafas
Exhalation
Hembusan Nafas
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THE PASSAGE
WHERE
MR. AIR TRAVEL
INTO YOUR Nasal Cavity
LUNG
Nostril
Pharynx
Mr.
Air
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus Lung
Rib
Diaphragm
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Part of Respiratory Function
System
Nostril Air enters and leaves the nose through
nostrils.
Nasal Cavity Traps dust particles in the air
Trachea C-shaped cartilage rings keep the trachea
open to allow air to pass through
Bronchus Allows air pass from the trachea into the lung
Alveolus Place for gaseous exchange occurs
Ribs Protects the lungs
Intercostal muscle Moves the rib cage during breathing
Diaphragm Changes the volume of the thoracic cavity
during breathing
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WHY ALVEOLUS IS EFFECTIVE FOR GASEOUS
EXCHANGE?
An alveolus
(a) has large surface area
(b) has thin wall
(c) has moist inner wall
(d) is surrounded by a network of blood capillaries
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Breathing Mechanism
involves…
(a) Inhalation (Tarikan nafas)
(b) Exhalation (Hembusan nafas)
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(a) Inhalation
1. Intercostal muscles contract.
2. Rib cage moves upwards and
outwards.
3. Diaphragm contracts, move
downwards and flattens.
4. Thoracic cavity increases in
volume and air pressure
inside decreases.
5. Air is drawn into the lungs.
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(b) Exhalation
1. Intercostal muscles relax.
2. Rib cage moves downwards and
inwards.
3. Diaphragm relaxes and curves
upwards.
4. Thoracic cavity decreases in
volume and the air pressure inside
increases.
5. Air from the lungs is forced out.
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Experiment: Air pressure in thoracic cavity and
the process of inhalation and exhalation
(thoracic cavity)
(bronchus)
(lung)
(diaphragm)
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Observation:
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Discussion:
Rubber Changes in Volume in
Air Pressure Process
sheet balloon Bell Jar
pull balloon
increase decrease inhalation
down expand
push balloon
decrease increase Exhalation
up contract
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Learning outcomes:
describe the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood capillaries,
describe the transport of oxygen by blood,
describe the diffusion of oxygen from the blood capillaries into the cells.
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1.2 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN THE HUMAN BODY
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2. Transport of oxygen by blood
(a) Oxygen combines with the haemoglobin in the red
blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin to become oxygenated
blood.
(b) The oxygenated blood will be transported to the heart
to be pumped to all other parts of body.
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3. Diffusion of oxygen from the blood capillaries into body
cells
(a) When oxygenated blood reaches the body cells,
oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and releases its oxygen to
the body cells.
(b) Carbon dioxide diffuses from the body cells into the blood
capillaries and carried back to the alveoli to be expelled.
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Gaseous Exchange in an Alveolus
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Gaseous exchange between the blood capillaries and
the body cells
CO2
O2
CO2 O
2
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1.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF A HEALTHY
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Some diseases of the respiratory system are
(a) asthma
(b) bronchitis
(c) emphysema
(d) lung cancer
To improve air quality:
(a) stop smoking
(b) decreasing deforestation and plant more tree
(c) stop open burning
(d) use unleaded petrol
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SMOKING CAUSE
LUNG CANCER!!!
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Normal Lungs Smoker’s Lungs
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